Restorative Art 2 Exam 1 Flashcards
the relationships of the size of one feature as compared with another feature or with the width or length of the face
Proportions
two sides
Bilateral
dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object
Bilateral Differences
the bilateral view; an inferior or superior viewpoint which permits the comparison of the two sides or halves of an object or facial feature
Bilateral Silhouette
are not effective because they are usually retouched/ artistic lighting and this will erase character and age lines that you need for realistic restoration work; are usually of good size
Portrait
two or three recent photographs taken at different angles, are an invaluable reference to have on hand; may reveal imperfections and good lighting
Snapshot
will show the size, length, and width of features in relationship to the face
Frontal View
will show projections, recessions; degree of projection of facial features profile contour (face)
Profile View
will show appearance of lips and fullness of the cheeks; suggest the profile view and helps reveal the degree of cheek fullness
Three-Quarter View
gives us some new perspective inversion to reveal asymmetry; observing the face in the same position many embalmers use for restorative art; standing above the head
Inverted or Upside Down Photo
a surface lying at a right angle to the source of illumination, which reflects the maximum amount of light; the lighter and brighter part; usually indicate a raise area or projection
Highlight
surfaces which do not lie at right angles to the source of illumination or are obscured by other surfaces; which reflect little or no light; usually indicates creases, grooves, and shallow depressions
Shadow
the higher an area protrudes….
the brighter the reflected light will be
depressions create
shadows
lighting from above
Normal Lighting
Special placement; purposeful; illuminating something or someone
Directional Lighting
from flash photography, burst of light in a dark room or outside during the night
Flat Lighting
from the sun, outside during day time
Natural Lighting
the illumination produced by a tubular electric discharge lamp; the fluorescence of phosphors coating the inside of a tube
Fluorescent Light
the process of taking in, as in a colored object which absorbs certain rays of light and reflects other rays giving the object recognizable color
Absorption
lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion
Asymmetry
the outline or surface form
Contour
a hollow or shallow concave area in surface
Depressions
the silhouettes of the face from the side view
Facial Profile
application of a color which is lighter or brighter than the complexion color
Highlighting with Cosmetics
application of a color darker than the complexion color
Shadowing with Cosmetics
giving or casting of light
Illumination
a photograph or painting in which the subject has been posed and lighted flatteringly by a professional photographer or artist
Professional Portrait
the side view of the human head
Profile
the act of throwing forward; a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings
Projection
the return of light waves from surfaces; the bending or folding back of a part upon itself
Reflection
a type of surface formed by the withdrawal of a part from its normal postion
Recession
What are the 3 Basic Linear Forms of Facial Profiles
Convex
Concave
Vertical
What are the 6 Combinations (variations) of the Basic Forms of Facial Profiles
Convex-Concave Convex- Vertical Vertical- Concave Vertical-Convex Concave- Vertical Concave- Convex
What is NOT included in facial profiles?
the Nose
a basic profile form in which the forehead RECEDES from the eyebrows; while the chin RECEDES from the plane of the upper lip (MOST COMMON)
Convex Profile
a basic facial profile form in which the forehead PROTRUDES beyond the eyebrows while the chin PROTRUDES beyond the plane of the upper lip (i.e. infantine, retroussé) LEAST COMMON
Concave Profile
one in which the forehead, upper lip, and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line; THE STANDARD (i.e. balanced)
Vertical/ Balanced Profile
a profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows; while the chin protrudes beyond the plane of the upper lip
Convex- Concave
a profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows; while the upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line
Convex-Vertical
one in which the forehead and the eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin protrudes more than the upper lip
Vertical- Concave
one in which the forehead and they eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin recedes from the projection of the upper lip
Vertical- Convex
a facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows; while the upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line
Concave- Vertical
a facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip
Concave- Convex
the shape of a plane figure determined by its outline; such as rounded, oval, square, etc.;
Geometric
the outline of the exterior margins of the head; it is influenced by its bony structure (i.e. cartilage, and other tissue)
Head Shape
Length of the head combined with ________ gives us a set of geometric head shapes in the frontal view
Widths
What are the 7 Geometric Head Shapes from a Frontal View
- Oval
- Round (infantine; infantile)
- Square
- Triangular
- Inverted Triangular
- Diamond
- Oblong
“so called ideal shape” a frontal head form in which the head is generally egg-shaped, with the cranium slightly wider than the jaws; MOST COMMON geometric head form; entire face appears to be composed of soft, rounded curves
Oval
a frontal head form in which the head exhibits maximum curvature; short with full cheeks and a rounded, fuller jawline, and a rounded cranium
Round (infantine; infantile)
a frontal head form in which the head is broad and exhibits very little curvature; the forehead is wide and the angles of the mandible are usually low as well as wide (i.e. strong) hairline is often straight
Square
a frontal head form in which the face is wider between the angles of the mandible than it is at the forehead; representing a triangle in shape; formed by three lines and have three angles LEAST COMMON geometric head form
Triangular
a three sided figure whose base is superior to its apex; when used to describe a frontal-view geometric head shape, a head which is wide at the forehead and narrow at the jaw
Inverted Triangular
a frontal-view geometric head shape which is widest across the cheekbones, narrowing in width in both the forehead and the jaws
Diamond
a frontal head form in which the head is long and narrow throughout; forehead may be rounded or square; the nose is usually long
Oblong
What Features Exhibit Asymmetry
- Eyelids & Eyebrows
- Ears
- Cheeks
- Nose & Mouth
Anatomical Guides for Locating the Modeled Ear
- Zygomatic Arch
- Mandibular Fossa
- External Auditory Meatus
- Mastoid Process
a long, thin, arched process extending anteriorly from the squama to the zygomatic bone, it lies above the external auditory meatus and divides the length of the ear in half; it is considered the widest part of the face
Zygomatic Arch
a small oval depression or socket on the underside of the temporal bone; the condyle of the mandible articulates in this depression, the mandibular fossa lies just anterior to the external auditory meatus
Mandibular Fossa
the opening of the ear passage located in front of the mastoid process
External Auditory Meatus
a rounded projection of the interior portion of the temporal bone just medial to the lobe of the ear; the sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process
Mastoid Process
the organ of hearing consisting of the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear; no two ears are identical, not even those of the same individual; the ears change less in a lifetime than any other facial feature; the ear is formed like a wedge; made of cartilage except the lobe
Ear (Pinna)
What are the Internal Ear Bones
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
these have NO effect on surface form
a specialized type of dense connective tissue; attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as the nasal septum and the framework of the ear.
Cartilage
What are the Parts of the Ear?
- Ear Passage
- Helix
- Scapha
- Antihelix
- Crura of the Antihelix
- Triangular Fossa
- Concha
- Tragus
- Antitragus
- Intertragic Notch
- Lobe
- Crus of the Helix
the orifice that leads into the hearing organ, is NOT visible from the frontal view or from the direct profile view
Ear Passage
the outer rim of the ear has the general shape of a question mark; it begins superior to the lobe and ends by attaching to the cheek
Helix
the fossa between the inner and outer rims of the ear; it is the SHALLOWEST DEPRESSION of the ear
Scapha
the inner rim of the ear; it starts at the superior border of the lobe and continues upward until it ends by becoming the crura; it forms the superior and posterior walls of the concha
Antihelix
the superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix of the ear
Crura of the Antihelix
Depression between the Crura; SECOND DEEPEST DEPRESSION of the ear.
Triangular Fossa
Concave shell of the ear; DEEPEST DEPRESSION of the ear; located posterior and superior to the ear passage
Concha
An elevation protecting the ear passage (external auditory meatus); arises from the posterior margin of the lateral cheek
Tragus
A small eminence obliquely opposite the tragus; located on the superior border of the lobe of the ear
Antitragus
A notch or opening between the tragus and antitragus of the ear “spillway”
Intertragic Notch
a part or projection, more or less rounded; the inferior fatty 1/3 part of the ear; MOST INFERIOR PART of the ear; attaches to the cheek
Lobe
the origin of the helix that is flattened and ends in the concha
Crus of the Helix
What are the Depressions of the Ear: Deepest to Most Shallow
- Concha
- Triangular Fossa
- Scapha
What are the Hollow parts of the Ear
- Scapha
- Triangular Fossa
- Concha
- Intertragic Notch
- Ear Passage
What are the Ridged parts of the Ear
- Helix
- Antihelix
- Crura
- Tragus
- Antitragus
- Crus
The Length of the Ear =
1/3 Length of the Face
Ears are not part of the face but are used to…
determine portions
this line cab be somewhat parallel to a line on the bony profile from the Glabella to the Maxilla (brow to the upper lip- profile view)
Anterior Margin
Inclination of the Ear uses __________ as a guide
Anterior Margin
What are the 5 Bilateral Forms of the head and features that are asymmetrical
- Both eyes may not be the same width
- One side of the mouth may be wider than the other
- One side of the nose may be wider than the other
- One cheek may be more prominent than the other
- The ears exhibit the greatest differences in position, form, and size**
What are the 4 surfaces of the face that exhibit a similarity of Bilateral Curvatures
- Forehead
- Cheeks
- Superior Integumentary Lip
- Chin
mathematical relationships of the facial features to one another and/or to the head and face
Facial Proportions
Vertical =
Length
Horizontal =
Width
The height of the average adult is how many head lengths?
7.5 to 8
the widest part of the head is measured by….
the distance between the 2 parietal eminences
2 imaginary parallel lines one on top of the head and one at the base of the chin is the…
Length of the Head (Vertex)
the length of the head that extends across the eyes
Midline
the dimension from the tip of the nose to the greatest protrusion of the back of the head is equal to =
the size of the length of the head
The distance from the root of the nose to the base of the wing of the nose is equal to=
the length of the first two joints of the thumb against the index finger
the vertical distance from the base of the nose to the line of closure of the lips is equal to =
the length of the first joint of the thumb against the index finger
the Face can be divided into?
Thirds (1/3)
The width of the face is equal to=
2/3’s the Length of the face
the length from the tip of the nose to the ear passage is ?
2/3’s
Hairline TO eyebrows =
1/3
Eyebrows/ top of the ear TO the base of the nose/ bottom of the ear =
1/3
Base of the nose/bottom of the ear TO the base of the chin =
1/3
Lower 1/3 of the face can be further divided into ?
Thirds (1/3)
base of the nose TO across the line of closure of the lips =
1/3
across the line of closure of the lips TO the labio facial mental sulcus =
1/3
the labio facial mental sulcus TO the base of the chin =
1/3
the face is ____ noses wide
3
the length of the nose is equal to … =
the length of the ear
the width of the nose at the wings is equal to … =
the width of an eye
the face is ____ eyes wide from between the zygomatic arches
5
the distance between they eyes is equal to … =
the width of 1 eye
the mouth is ____ eyes wide
2
the superior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as
the eyebrows
the inferior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as
the base of the nose
the face is ____ ears long
3
length of the ear is the same measurement of…
the lateral outer corner of the eye to the ear
line of closure of the lips lies…
half way between the base of the nose and the labio facial mental sulcus/top of the chin
eyes are half way between…
the length of the head
the width of the mouth is..
the width of twice the base of the nose
what is the basic dimensional unit for width measurement
One Eye
What are the 4 general rules for Equal measurements
- ear passage TO the tip of the nose
- eyebrow TO the base of the chin
- hairline TO the base of the nose
- ear passage TO ear passage
T/F the lips meet at a point one-half the distance from the base of the nose to the base of the chin
False
T/F the superior border of the chin is located one-fourth the distance from the base of the chin to the base of the nose
False
T/F the line of closure of the mouth is located one-half the distance from the base of the nose to the superior border of the chin
True
T/F the superior border of the chin lies one-half the distance from the base of the chin to the line of closure of the mouth
True
T/F the line of closure of the mouth is located two-thirds the distance from the base of the chin to the base of the nsoe
True
T/F the lower third of the face may be divided into three relatively equal divisions
True
T/F if the width of the right eye measures one and one-half inches, the distance between the eyes will be approximately three inches
False
T/F if the measurement of one eye was two inches wide, the face at its widest point should measure eight inches
False
The line of closure of the mouth is located ________ the distance from the base of the chin to the base of the nose
Two-thirds
The lips meet ______ the distance from the base of the nose to the base of the chin
One-third
The distance from the eyebrow to the base of the nose is approximately equal to the
length of the ear
roughly the length of the ear is equal to the distance from the ______ to the normal hairline
Eyebrow
the superior border of the ear lies on the same transverse plane as the
Eyebrow
One of the three major divisions of the face is measured from the
Normal hairline to the eyebrow
What is the Most common head shape
Oval
What is the Least common head shape
Triangular
What head shape has the maximum amount of curvature
Round
What is the standard facial profile
Vertical
What is the Least common facial profile
Concave
What is the Most common facial profile
Convex
