Embalming 3 Exam 3

Question 1

that branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms

Answer 1

biochemistry

Question 2

are biochemical compounds of major importance; a polymer of many amino acids

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

the building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group (-NH2) a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to an alpha carbon and a radical

Answer 3

amino acids

Question 4

the simplest amino acid is

Answer 4

glycine (COOH)

Question 5

all amino acids have both the _________ group and the _______ group; therefore they, too, may act as both acids and bases

Answer 5

carboxyl

amino

Question 6

any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in solution; example: amino acid

Answer 6

amphoteric

Question 7

substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing within limits, both acids and bases and there by maintaining the original or constant pH of the solution

Answer 7

buffers

Question 8

by definition, a protein is a chain of amino acids joined together by the ________

Answer 8

Peptide linkage/bond

Question 9

glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a

Answer 9

dipeptide linkage/bond

Question 10

amino acids are linked together by

Answer 10

peptide linkages

Question 11

dipeptide is formed by joining __________ together

Answer 11

two amino acids

Question 12

the embalming process is nothing more than a series of ________ cross-linking to one another

Answer 12

temporary preservation/bonds

Question 13

this cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues and the most commonly used agent for this reaction is of course, ___________

Answer 13

formaldehyde (methanal)

Question 14

protein breakdown: the anaerobic decomp of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called

Answer 14

putrefaction

Question 15

the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria

Answer 15

decay

Question 16

putrefaction involves three major chemical reactions

Answer 16

hydrolysis
deamination
decarboxylation

Question 17

although a chemical property of water, amino acids are the final hydrolytic products of putrefaction

Answer 17

hydrolysis

Question 18

the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources

Answer 18

imbibition

Question 19

the removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce

Answer 19

deamination

Question 20

the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield

Answer 20

decarboxylation

Question 21

the final decomposition products are

Answer 21

hydrocarbons
organic acids
amines & ammonia
carbon dioxide
hydrogen sulfide

Question 22

another highly specialized type of proteins are the _____

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

enzymes function primarily as

Answer 23

organic catalysts

Question 24

agents which may alter chemical reaction without itself begin permanently (used up)

Answer 24

catalysts

Question 25

the compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works is called its

Answer 25

substrate

Question 26

most enzymes are named by adding

Answer 26

-ase to the root of the name of the substrate

Question 27

urease

Answer 27

catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea

Question 28

the are two general classes of enzymes

Answer 28

proteases | lipases

Question 29

enzymes which break down proteins

Answer 29

proteases

Question 30

enzymes which breakdown lipids (fats & oils)

Answer 30

lipases

Question 31

those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains are generally

Answer 31

proteolytic (dissolve proteins) and hydrolytic (mediate hydrolysis reaction) in nature

Question 32

the two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts

Answer 32

saprophytic bacteria | lysosomes

Question 33

organisms that obtain their food from dead organic matter

Answer 33

saprophytic bacteria

Question 34

lysozyme, bactericidal, special structure in certain cells, upon death of a cell release autolytic enzyme; a chemical defense against infection; present in tears

Answer 34

lysosomes

Question 35

a unique characteristic of lysosomes are their ability to digest surrounding cellular substances; this self-cell digestion is referred to as

Answer 35

autolysis (process)

Question 36

carbohydrates, which are composed of ________, ________, and ________ are structurally ________ and ______ derivates of polyhydroxy alcohols

Answer 36

``` carbon hydrogen oxygen aldehyde ketone ```

Question 37

this carbohydrate definition has 3 impt aspects

Answer 37

carbohydrates will have at least four or more OH groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohol if it was an aldehyde derivative you would find the carbohydrate on an end carbon if it was a ketone derivative you would find the carbohydrate off a non-end carbon

Question 38

simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules

Answer 38

monosaccharides

Question 39

glucose and fructose occur _______

Answer 39

freely in nature

Question 40

glucose is an

Answer 40

aldose

Question 41

fructose is a

Answer 41

ketose

Question 42

reason being because their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an ________ functional group within one sugar molecule

Answer 42

hydroxyl

Question 43

are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides, they are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water

Answer 43

disaccharides

Question 44

there are 3 major disaccharides

Answer 44

lactose maltose sucrose

Question 45

also called milk sugar; the basis for lactic acid in milk

Answer 45

lactose

Question 46

found in germinating grains malt sugar or grain sugar

Answer 46

maltose

Question 47

also called table sugar; most common from sugar cane/ sugar beets

Answer 47

sucrose

Question 48

those carbohydrates which yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; complex sugars

Answer 48

polysaccharides

Question 49

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 49

glycogen- stored form of glucose starch- potatoes, crackers cellulose

Question 50

the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water

Answer 50

hydrolysis

Question 51

do not undergo hydrolysis

Answer 51

monosaccharides

Question 52

upon hydrolysis form two monosaccharides

Answer 52

disaccharides

Question 53

are first hydrolyzed into 2 or more disaccharides; then complete hydrolysis to yield many monosaccharides

Answer 53

polysaccharides

Question 54

all encompassing term for fats and oils

Answer 54

lipids

Question 55

structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy

Answer 55

lipid function

Question 56

are solid at room temperature

Answer 56

fats

Question 57

are liquid at room temperature

Answer 57

oil

Question 58

properties of lipids

Answer 58

insoluble in water soluble in organic solvents the insolubility of lipids distinguish them from carbohydrates

Question 59

physical property of lipids

Answer 59

emulsification

Question 60

a mixture of two mutually insoluble substances

Answer 60

emulsification

Question 61

a chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled which is a process

Answer 61

saponification (soap making)

Question 62

a reaction between a fatty acid and strong bases which produces glyrol and salt of a fatty acid

Answer 62

saponification

Question 63

although the products are technically

Answer 63

salts commonly referred to as a soap

Question 64

lipids are classified on the basis of their

Answer 64

hydrolysis products

Question 65

a compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and alcohols

Answer 65

simple lipids

Question 66

physical properties of fats and oils

Answer 66

solubility and emulsification | physical state

Question 67

chemical properties of fats and oils

Answer 67

final products of hydrolysis | saponification

Question 68

types of saponification

Answer 68

soap & glycerine | adipocere (grave wax)

Question 69

a type of lipid formed from the combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols (not glycerol)

Answer 69

waxes

Question 70

example of waxes

Answer 70

beeswax, carnuba, lanolin

Question 71

a lipid whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids, alcohol, and other substances

Answer 71

compound lipids

Question 72

types of compound lipids

Answer 72

glycolipids sphingolipids phospholipids

Question 73

types of miscellaneous lipids (derived lipids)

Answer 73

terpenses (menthol, rubber) steroids cholesterol

Question 74

HDL

Answer 74

high density lipoprotein (good) less than 40

Question 75

LDL

Answer 75

low density lipoprotein (bad) above 130

Question 76

VLDL

Answer 76

very low density lipoprotein