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4th Quarter Exams > Embalming 3 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Embalming 3 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

that branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms

A

biochemistry

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2
Q

are biochemical compounds of major importance; a polymer of many amino acids

A

proteins

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3
Q

the building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group (-NH2) a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to an alpha carbon and a radical

A

amino acids

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4
Q

the simplest amino acid is

A

glycine (COOH)

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5
Q

all amino acids have both the _________ group and the _______ group; therefore they, too, may act as both acids and bases

A

carboxyl

amino

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6
Q

any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in solution; example: amino acid

A

amphoteric

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7
Q

substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing within limits, both acids and bases and there by maintaining the original or constant pH of the solution

A

buffers

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8
Q

by definition, a protein is a chain of amino acids joined together by the ________

A

Peptide linkage/bond

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9
Q

glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a

A

dipeptide linkage/bond

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10
Q

amino acids are linked together by

A

peptide linkages

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11
Q

dipeptide is formed by joining __________ together

A

two amino acids

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12
Q

the embalming process is nothing more than a series of ________ cross-linking to one another

A

temporary preservation/bonds

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13
Q

this cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues and the most commonly used agent for this reaction is of course, ___________

A

formaldehyde (methanal)

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14
Q

protein breakdown: the anaerobic decomp of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called

A

putrefaction

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15
Q

the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria

A

decay

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16
Q

putrefaction involves three major chemical reactions

A

hydrolysis
deamination
decarboxylation

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17
Q

although a chemical property of water, amino acids are the final hydrolytic products of putrefaction

A

hydrolysis

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18
Q

the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources

A

imbibition

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19
Q

the removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce

A

deamination

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20
Q

the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield

A

decarboxylation

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21
Q

the final decomposition products are

A 
hydrocarbons
organic acids
amines & ammonia
carbon dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
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22
Q

another highly specialized type of proteins are the _____

A

enzymes

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23
Q

enzymes function primarily as

A

organic catalysts

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24
Q

agents which may alter chemical reaction without itself begin permanently (used up)

A

catalysts

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25
Q

the compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works is called its

A

substrate

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26
Q

most enzymes are named by adding

A

-ase to the root of the name of the substrate

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27
Q

urease

A

catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea

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28
Q

the are two general classes of enzymes

A

proteases

lipases

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29
Q

enzymes which break down proteins

A

proteases

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30
Q

enzymes which breakdown lipids (fats & oils)

A

lipases

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31
Q

those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains are generally

A

proteolytic (dissolve proteins) and hydrolytic (mediate hydrolysis reaction) in nature

32
Q

the two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts

A

saprophytic bacteria

lysosomes

33
Q

organisms that obtain their food from dead organic matter

A

saprophytic bacteria

34
Q

lysozyme, bactericidal, special structure in certain cells, upon death of a cell release autolytic enzyme; a chemical defense against infection; present in tears

A

lysosomes

35
Q

a unique characteristic of lysosomes are their ability to digest surrounding cellular substances; this self-cell digestion is referred to as

A

autolysis (process)

36
Q

carbohydrates, which are composed of ________, ________, and ________ are structurally ________ and ______ derivates of polyhydroxy alcohols

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
aldehyde
ketone
37
Q

this carbohydrate definition has 3 impt aspects

A

carbohydrates will have at least four or more OH groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohol
if it was an aldehyde derivative you would find the carbohydrate on an end carbon
if it was a ketone derivative you would find the carbohydrate off a non-end carbon

38
Q

simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules

A

monosaccharides

39
Q

glucose and fructose occur _______

A

freely in nature

40
Q

glucose is an

A

aldose

41
Q

fructose is a

A

ketose

42
Q

reason being because their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an ________ functional group within one sugar molecule

A

hydroxyl

43
Q

are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides, they are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water

A

disaccharides

44
Q

there are 3 major disaccharides

A

lactose
maltose
sucrose

45
Q

also called milk sugar; the basis for lactic acid in milk

A

lactose

46
Q

found in germinating grains malt sugar or grain sugar

A

maltose

47
Q

also called table sugar; most common from sugar cane/ sugar beets

A

sucrose

48
Q

those carbohydrates which yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; complex sugars

A

polysaccharides

49
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen- stored form of glucose
starch- potatoes, crackers
cellulose

50
Q

the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water

A

hydrolysis

51
Q

do not undergo hydrolysis

A

monosaccharides

52
Q

upon hydrolysis form two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

53
Q

are first hydrolyzed into 2 or more disaccharides; then complete hydrolysis to yield many monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

54
Q

all encompassing term for fats and oils

A

lipids

55
Q

structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy

A

lipid function

56
Q

are solid at room temperature

A

fats

57
Q

are liquid at room temperature

A

oil

58
Q

properties of lipids

A

insoluble in water
soluble in organic solvents
the insolubility of lipids distinguish them from carbohydrates

59
Q

physical property of lipids

A

emulsification

60
Q

a mixture of two mutually insoluble substances

A

emulsification

61
Q

a chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled which is a process

A

saponification (soap making)

62
Q

a reaction between a fatty acid and strong bases which produces glyrol and salt of a fatty acid

A

saponification

63
Q

although the products are technically

A

salts commonly referred to as a soap

64
Q

lipids are classified on the basis of their

A

hydrolysis products

65
Q

a compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and alcohols

A

simple lipids

66
Q

physical properties of fats and oils

A

solubility and emulsification

physical state

67
Q

chemical properties of fats and oils

A

final products of hydrolysis

saponification

68
Q

types of saponification

A

soap & glycerine

adipocere (grave wax)

69
Q

a type of lipid formed from the combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols (not glycerol)

A

waxes

70
Q

example of waxes

A

beeswax, carnuba, lanolin

71
Q

a lipid whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids, alcohol, and other substances

A

compound lipids

72
Q

types of compound lipids

A

glycolipids
sphingolipids
phospholipids

73
Q

types of miscellaneous lipids (derived lipids)

A

terpenses (menthol, rubber)
steroids
cholesterol

74
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein (good) less than 40

75
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein (bad) above 130

76
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

4th Quarter Exams (7 decks)

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