Embalming 3 Exam 3 Flashcards
that branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms
biochemistry
are biochemical compounds of major importance; a polymer of many amino acids
proteins
the building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group (-NH2) a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to an alpha carbon and a radical
amino acids
the simplest amino acid is
glycine (COOH)
all amino acids have both the _________ group and the _______ group; therefore they, too, may act as both acids and bases
carboxyl
amino
any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in solution; example: amino acid
amphoteric
substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing within limits, both acids and bases and there by maintaining the original or constant pH of the solution
buffers
by definition, a protein is a chain of amino acids joined together by the ________
Peptide linkage/bond
glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a
dipeptide linkage/bond
amino acids are linked together by
peptide linkages
dipeptide is formed by joining __________ together
two amino acids
the embalming process is nothing more than a series of ________ cross-linking to one another
temporary preservation/bonds
this cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues and the most commonly used agent for this reaction is of course, ___________
formaldehyde (methanal)
protein breakdown: the anaerobic decomp of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called
putrefaction
the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria
decay
putrefaction involves three major chemical reactions
hydrolysis
deamination
decarboxylation
although a chemical property of water, amino acids are the final hydrolytic products of putrefaction
hydrolysis
the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources
imbibition
the removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce
deamination
the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield
decarboxylation
the final decomposition products are
hydrocarbons organic acids amines & ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen sulfide
another highly specialized type of proteins are the _____
enzymes
enzymes function primarily as
organic catalysts
agents which may alter chemical reaction without itself begin permanently (used up)
catalysts
the compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works is called its
substrate
most enzymes are named by adding
-ase to the root of the name of the substrate
urease
catalysts the breakdown of its substrate urea
the are two general classes of enzymes
proteases
lipases
enzymes which break down proteins
proteases
enzymes which breakdown lipids (fats & oils)
lipases
those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains are generally
proteolytic (dissolve proteins) and hydrolytic (mediate hydrolysis reaction) in nature
the two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts
saprophytic bacteria
lysosomes
organisms that obtain their food from dead organic matter
saprophytic bacteria
lysozyme, bactericidal, special structure in certain cells, upon death of a cell release autolytic enzyme; a chemical defense against infection; present in tears
lysosomes
a unique characteristic of lysosomes are their ability to digest surrounding cellular substances; this self-cell digestion is referred to as
autolysis (process)
carbohydrates, which are composed of ________, ________, and ________ are structurally ________ and ______ derivates of polyhydroxy alcohols
carbon hydrogen oxygen aldehyde ketone
this carbohydrate definition has 3 impt aspects
carbohydrates will have at least four or more OH groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohol
if it was an aldehyde derivative you would find the carbohydrate on an end carbon
if it was a ketone derivative you would find the carbohydrate off a non-end carbon
simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules
monosaccharides
glucose and fructose occur _______
freely in nature
glucose is an
aldose
fructose is a
ketose
reason being because their formation results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an ________ functional group within one sugar molecule
hydroxyl
are carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into two monosaccharides, they are formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water
disaccharides
there are 3 major disaccharides
lactose
maltose
sucrose
also called milk sugar; the basis for lactic acid in milk
lactose
found in germinating grains malt sugar or grain sugar
maltose
also called table sugar; most common from sugar cane/ sugar beets
sucrose
those carbohydrates which yield many monosaccharides upon hydrolysis; complex sugars
polysaccharides
examples of polysaccharides
glycogen- stored form of glucose
starch- potatoes, crackers
cellulose
the breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water
hydrolysis
do not undergo hydrolysis
monosaccharides
upon hydrolysis form two monosaccharides
disaccharides
are first hydrolyzed into 2 or more disaccharides; then complete hydrolysis to yield many monosaccharides
polysaccharides
all encompassing term for fats and oils
lipids
structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy
lipid function
are solid at room temperature
fats
are liquid at room temperature
oil
properties of lipids
insoluble in water
soluble in organic solvents
the insolubility of lipids distinguish them from carbohydrates
physical property of lipids
emulsification
a mixture of two mutually insoluble substances
emulsification
a chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled which is a process
saponification (soap making)
a reaction between a fatty acid and strong bases which produces glyrol and salt of a fatty acid
saponification
although the products are technically
salts commonly referred to as a soap
lipids are classified on the basis of their
hydrolysis products
a compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and alcohols
simple lipids
physical properties of fats and oils
solubility and emulsification
physical state
chemical properties of fats and oils
final products of hydrolysis
saponification
types of saponification
soap & glycerine
adipocere (grave wax)
a type of lipid formed from the combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols (not glycerol)
waxes
example of waxes
beeswax, carnuba, lanolin
a lipid whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids, alcohol, and other substances
compound lipids
types of compound lipids
glycolipids
sphingolipids
phospholipids
types of miscellaneous lipids (derived lipids)
terpenses (menthol, rubber)
steroids
cholesterol
HDL
high density lipoprotein (good) less than 40
LDL
low density lipoprotein (bad) above 130
VLDL
very low density lipoprotein
