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Geography > Restless Earth: case studies > Flashcards

Restless Earth: case studies Flashcards

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1
Q

When and where was the St Helens Eruption?

A

1980, Washington State.

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2
Q

What caused the Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • The subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate udner the North American plate.
  • A cryptodome on the secondary vent caused a blast.
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3
Q

What were the primary effects of the Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • 57 dead
  • 500 year old cedar forest destroyed
  • Debris in Spirit Lake and Toutle River
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4
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • Rain mixed with ash created lahars, or volcanic mudflows.
  • Tourism increased in the area
  • Estimated short term economic loss of $800 million.
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5
Q

What was the immediate responses to the Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • 8km no entry zone
  • State of national emergency declared
  • Army search and rescue helicopters mobilised
  • 2 million gas masks distributed
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6
Q

What are the long term responses to the Mount St Helens eruption?

A
  • The scientific organisation USGS now monitor the volcano with GPS, seismographs, digital cameras and COSPEC (correlation spectometer).
  • Spirit lake was cleared
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7
Q

When and where was the Kobe earthquake?

A

1995 in the south coast of Japan.

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8
Q

What caused the Kobe earthquake?

A

The Philippine plate was subducted under the Eurasian plate causing an earthquake that was 7.2 on the Richter scale.

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9
Q

What were the primary effects of the Kobe earthquake?

A
  • 6000 dead
  • Older suburbs obliterated
  • Hanshin Expressway collapsed
  • Liquefaction in Osaka Bay
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10
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Fire
  • Pneumonia
  • Hypothermia at night
  • Companies forced to close
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11
Q

What was the immediate responses to the Kobe earthquake?

A
  • 3000 troops dispatched
  • Sniffer dogs
  • Thermal imaging
  • Jaws of life
  • Hearing equipment
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12
Q

What were the long-term responses to the Kobe earthquake?

A
  • Retro-engineering on Osaka Bay tower
  • Regulation to enforce spacing between buildings
  • Shock absorbers
  • City rebuilt in 2 years
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13
Q

When and where was the Port au Prince earthquake?

A

2010 In Haiti.

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14
Q

What were the primary effects of the Port au Prince earthquake?

A
  • 250,000 dead
  • 1/3 of buildings collapsed
  • Airport down for 2 days
  • Port down for 5 days
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15
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Port au Prince earthquake?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Cholera
  • Looting, violence and rape
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16
Q

What were the immediate responses towards the Port au Prince earthquake?

A
  • Aid was slow
  • UN/charities were fearful because Haiti is dangerous and politically unstable
  • 1 ambulance for city
  • Only 130 pulled from rubble
17
Q

What were the long term responses towards the Port au Prince earthquake? (Environmental, economic and political)

A
  • City was not rebuilt in 2012
  • Charities not spending their money (MercyCorps spent 1/3)
  • Nepalese UN peacekeepers accused of spreading cholera outbreak
18
Q

What caused the Port au Prince earthquake?

A

Conservative plate boundary (Caribbean and North American) that was 7.0 on Richter scale.

19
Q

When and where was the Japanese tsunami?

A

2011, pacific ocean.

20
Q

What were the primary effects of the Japanese tsunami?

A
  • 15,000 confirmed dead
  • 4,700 destroyed houses
  • Coastal areas flooded
  • Power outages to 4,000,000 houses
21
Q

What were the secondary effects of the Japanese tsunami?

A
  • Fukushima nuclear power plant leak
  • Yen dropped in value
  • Stocks fell
22
Q

What was the immediate response the Japanese tsunami?

A
  • Tsunami warning 3 minutes after earthquake
  • Meteorological agency official telling people in affected areas to stay at home.
  • Military deployed
  • Fukushima power plant shut down
23
Q

What was the international response to the Japanese tsunami?

A

-91 countries offered aid

24
Q

In Livigno, what is an example of farm diversification?

A

Farmland has been converted to ski slope.

25
Q

What percent of Livigno’s economy is based around skiing?

A

90%

26
Q

What are some examples of alpine infrastructure in Livigno?

A
  • Switzerland built a road and tunnel network
  • Cable cars and ski lifts provide transport
  • Roads are built with snow sheds
  • Bendy roads reduce the gradient of roads
27
Q

How is the threat of avalanche contained?

A

Controlled avalanches with detonations and avalanche gates.

Geography (9 decks)

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