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H Bio (Trad) - Unit 2 > Rest_unsorted > Flashcards

Rest_unsorted Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A huge thank you to the three pupils who typed this set in.

Thanks :)

A

Fiona

Saffron

Larissa

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2
Q

Advantage of transpiration to a plant

A

This process provides minerals and cools the leaves of plants

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3
Q

Example of a leaf adaptation that reduces the vapour concentration gradient by trapping a pocket of moist air

A

Rolled or hairy leaves or stomata in pits help to conserve water in this way

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4
Q

Description of osmosis in the root cortex

A

Process in which water moves across the root cortex down a water concentration gradient

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5
Q

Type of plant that has adaptations that include air filled spaces, reduced xylem in flexible stems and stomata on the upper surface

A

Adaptations of hydrophytes to life in water

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6
Q

Adavantage to a hydrophyte plant of having air spaces in stems and leaves

A

Buoyancy - float towards the sufrace and the light is caused by these adaptations in hydrophyte stems and leaves

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7
Q

Force of attraction between water molecules in the xylem vessels

A

This force is called cohesion

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8
Q

Definition of hydrophyte

A

Term for a plant with adaptations for living in water

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9
Q

Type of plant that has adaptations including sunken stomata, rolled or hairy leaves, water storage tissue and leaves reduced to spines

A

Adaptations of xerophytes to an arid enviroment

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10
Q

Description of the movement of water in a plant stem

A

Pulled from the roots to the leaves in a fine thread in xylem vessels

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11
Q

specialised root cells that provode a larger surface area to absorb water from the soil

A

Root hair cell

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12
Q

Water vapour diffuses out of a leaf through these pores

A

Function of stomatal pores

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13
Q

Movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic solution through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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14
Q

Solution with the same water concentration

A

Isotonic

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15
Q

Solution with a lower water concentration

A

Hypertonic

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16
Q

Solution with a higher water concentration

A

Hypotonic

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17
Q

Meiosis does this by producing gametes with many different combinations of genes

A

Type of cell division that produces variation

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18
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same order of genes, what other features are similar?

A

The way in which homologous chromosomes are the same apart from shape, size, centromere position and banding pattern

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19
Q

This is the meaning of haploid

A

Term for a cell such as a gamete with a single set of chromosomes

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20
Q

This is what makes us call an allele recessive

A

Genetics term for an allele whose effect can be hidden by a dominant allele

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21
Q

Term for cells such as most body cells which have two sets of chromosomes

A

This is the meaning of diploid

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22
Q

Random way in which homologous chromosomes are dragged to the pole

A

This describes independent assortment

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23
Q

Term for the chromosomes that pair up during the first meiotic division

A

This describes homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

Number of divisions in meiosis

A

This process involves two cell divisions

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25
Q

Cell structure that drags chromosomes to opposite poles during the first meotic division

A

This is the function of the spindle

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26
Q

Organs that produce gametes by meiosis

A

This is the function of the ovaries, testes and anthers

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27
Q

An allele whose effect always shows- never hidden by another allele

A

This is what makes us call an allele dominant

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28
Q

Genetics term for a genotype that has either two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles for a given characteristic

A

Definition of homozygous

29
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes on the same chromosome

30
Q

Genetics term for a genotype that has a dominant allele and a recessive allele for a given characteristic

A

Definition of heterozygous

31
Q

Type of reproduction that maintains variation in a population

A

Sexual reproduction is the only type which does this

32
Q

These structures have the same genes but different alleles

A

This is the only difference between homologous chromosomes

33
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

This is a definition of alleles

34
Q

The purpose of a gene probe is…

A

to identify the exact position of a gene

35
Q

Term, for crossing two pedigree animals to give offspring with hybrid vigour

A

Hybridisation

36
Q

Name for the cell with its cellulose cell wall removed

A

Protoplast

37
Q

Small ring of bacterial DNA used to add human genes to bacterial cells

A

Plasmid

38
Q

Many bacteria have become steadily resistant to these over the last 50 years

A

This is an example of high speed evolution as the result of the misuse of antibiotics

39
Q

Enzyme used to join DNA eg. To seals a gene into a plasmid

A

The function of a ligase

40
Q

A useful product from genetically engineered bacteria

A

Insulin or growth hormone can be produced with high purity and in lare quantities in this way

41
Q

Type of isolating mechanism that depends on different breeding seasons or mating displays

A

This describes reproductive isolation

42
Q

Term for the evolution of several sprecies from a single ancestral species

A

Definition of adaptive radiation

43
Q

Term for X-rays, Uv lights and chemicals that cause DNA changes

A

This is a definition of mutagenic agents

44
Q

Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile young

A

Usual definition of a species

45
Q

Term for picking the best animals for breeding

A

This is a description of selective breeding or artificial selection

46
Q

The survival of organisms best suited to their environment

A

Survival of the fittest

47
Q

Process in which organisms best suited to the environment survive and pass on their favourable alleles to the next generation

A

Result of natural selection for a well adapted organism

48
Q

An example of adaptive radiation seen in the birds of the Galapagos islands

A

Many species of birds with different beak shapes that have evolved from a common ancestor on the Galapagos Islands

49
Q

Factor that results in a high proportion of black melanic moths in an area by making them better camouflaged

A

Air-pollution kills the lichens and darken tree trunks leading to a highher proportion of peppered moths

50
Q

This is one purpose of wild life preserves, captive breeding, seed banks, laws, quotas, etc. (the other is to maintain genetic diversity)

A

Examples of a strategy for conserving an edangered species

51
Q

Procedure used to merge the genes of two sexually incompatible plant species

A

Somatic fusion can allow us to do this

52
Q

Description of social behaviour called dominance heirarchy or pecking order

A

Type of social behaviour where animals know their place in the group

53
Q

Shortage of food, nest sites, mates etc can cause this to occur between animals

A

Examples of resources which can cause competition between animals

54
Q

Shortage of light, space, water, minerals etc can cause this to occur between plants

A

Examples of resources which can cause competition between plants

55
Q

Type of competition between members of two different species

A

interspecific competition

56
Q

Type of competition between members of the same species

A

intraspecific competition

57
Q

Factor that increases the rate of transpiration

A

increased temperature, wind speed, light intensity or decrease in humidity

58
Q

Ways of maintaining genetic diversity

A

this is one purpose of wild life reserves, captive breeding, see banks, laws, quoatas etc (the other is to conserve endangered species)

59
Q

Alternative definition of a species

A

A group of organisms that share the same gene pool

60
Q

Description of foraging behaviour as seen in ants

A

An example is an ant meandering out from the nest until it finds food and then returning directly to the nest leaving a scent trail

61
Q

A plant with a compensation point at a low light energy

A

Shade plants have this compensation point at this level of light intensity

62
Q

Definition of compensation point

A

The light intensity at which the CO2 produced by respiration is equal to the CO2 used by photosynthesis

63
Q

Definition of the “Economics of foraging behaviour”

A

The energy gained from food must be more than the energy expended in gaining it

64
Q

These levels of grazing can reduce species diversity

A

This is reduced by low and very high grazing levels

65
Q

Stings, thorn and spines are referred to as?

A

Examples of plant structural defence mechanisms

66
Q

Name of a short term modification of behaviour involving a reduced response to a harmless stimulus

A

Definition of habituation

67
Q

Type of behaviour in which an animal or group of animals will defend an area for a food supply or nesting site

A

This is a description of territorial behaviour

68
Q

Adaptations that allow plants to tolerate grazing

A

Low meristems and deep root systems are adaptations which help plants to tolerate this process

H Bio (Trad) - Unit 2 (6 decks)

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