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Foundational Sciences > Responses to Exercise > Flashcards

Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference

Where Q is central and a-vO2 is peripheral

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2
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A
  1. Vagus withdraws (aka parasympathetic tone withdraws)

2. Sympathetic activity is increased with NE binding to Beta 1 on SA node and having the Baroreflex reset

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3
Q

What happens to Stroke Volume during exericse?

A

Stroke volume increases due to contractility, preload, and a decrease in afterload
Trained individuals Stroke Volume increases more because the heart is bigger itself

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4
Q

What causes decrease in TPR?

A

Vasodilation to get more blood to muscle with metabolites and nitric oxide
Afterload almost diminishes

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5
Q

Redistribution of blood flow during exercise

A

Muscle receives more blood with increased exercise intensity
Takes blood from kidneys/gut, and the skin
Won’t take from the heart and brain

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6
Q

Cardiac volumes at rest

A

Cardiac output = 5 L/min
Heart rate = 70 bpm
Stoke Volume = 70 mL/beat
Ejection Fraction = 55-60%

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7
Q

Cardiac volumes during maximal exercise in an untrained individual

A

Cardiac output = 22 L/min
Heart rate = about 200 bpm
Stroke Volume = about 110 mL/beat
Ejection Fraction = 80%

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8
Q

What is the biggest factor affecting stroke volume during exercise?

A

Preload

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9
Q

a-vO2 difference during exercise

A

avO2 will get bigger as exercise intensity increases
Arteriolar stays the same b/c already fully saturated
Venous decreases b/c unloading more at the tissues

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10
Q

What does peripheral extraction of oxygen depend on?

A

How much blood is perfusing the tissue and perfusion pressure
Basically how much can the system feed the greedy bastards

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11
Q

Blood pressure during exercise

A
  1. SBP increases
  2. DBP stays the same b/c TPR decreasing
  3. MAP increases modestly during exercise
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12
Q

How does muscle blood flow increase?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system (peripheral)
    a. Baroreflex setting
    b. central command
    c. exercise pressor reflex
  2. Mechanical - muscle pump causes dilation
  3. Autoregulation (local) - takes over sympathetic
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13
Q

Metabolic Autoregulation

A

Trumps sympathetic nervous system and causes vasodilation

This is how blood flow increases to muscle

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14
Q

Cardiovascular Drift

A

Heart rate increases throughout exercise
Cardiac output remains the same
Strove volume decreases
Why? B/c of dehydration decreasing plasma volume which decreases venous return, decrease stroke volume, increase heart rate to compensate

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15
Q

What do hormones do during exercise?

A

Increase with intensity and duration

Includes Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Glucagon, Growth Hormone, Cortisol

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16
Q

What does insulin do during exercise?

A

Decreases with intensity and duration

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17
Q

What does insulin do in the body?

A

Decreases glucose levels 4 ways

  1. increase glucose uptake into cells
  2. increase glycogen synthesis
  3. Inhibit glucose formation
  4. Catecholamines inhibit formation
18
Q

Where does insulin come from in the body?

A

Secreted from pancreatic Beta cells when plasma glucose levels are elevated (aka hyperglycemia)

19
Q

How does the body inhibit insulin?

A

Release EPI or NE –> bind to alpha adrenergic recpetor on Beta cell in pancreas –> inhibit insulin

20
Q

What does Glucagon do in the body?

A

Bring glucose levels back up 4 ways

  1. increase liver glycogenolysis
  2. increase liver gluconeogenesis
  3. Hepatic Glucose Production (HGP)
  4. Stimulated by catecholamines
21
Q

How does the body stimulate the release of glucagon?

A

Release EPI or NE –> bind to Beta adrenergic receptor on Alpha cell in pancreas –> stimulate release of glucagon

22
Q

What happens to glucose uptake during exercise?

A

Increases due to muscle contraction moving GLUT 4 channels that allow more glucose into the cell

23
Q

Why does insulin need to be inhibited during exercise?

A

It will allow more glucose to leave the system and cause problems during exercise….like hitting the wall

24
Q

What do carbs do during exercise?

A

provide fuel for exercise while maintaining blood glucose levels
retain or spare muscle glycogen for as long as possible

25
Q

What puts glucose back into the system?

A

The liver through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis which are stimulated by glucagon

26
Q

What does blood glucose do during short, high intensity exercise?

A

Increases due to immediate muscle and liver glycogenolysis from increased catecholamines

27
Q

What does blood glucose do during long, low intensity exercises?

A

Blood glucose is maintained

Increase HGP

28
Q

What do catecholamines do for metabolism?

A
  1. Increase glucagon
  2. decrease insulin
  3. Increase glycogenolysis in muscle
  4. Increase lipolysis from fat for fat oxidation
29
Q

What does calcium do for metabolism?

A

Increases glycogen phosphorylase for supporting glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase mobilizes glycogen so it can be used in glycoysis
Liberated from sarcoplasmic reticulum during contraction

30
Q

What does cortisol do for metabolism?

A

Liberates fuels during exercise
1. Breaks fats down into fatty acids
2. Breaks proteins down into amino acids
Cortisol is the reason there is a baseline for 2-3% metabolism during exercise
Very slow in responding!

31
Q

What does lactate inhibit?

A

Lipolysis

32
Q

What do growth hormones increase?

A

lipolysis, especially when exercise becomes prolonged

33
Q

Where does all glucose come from?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate (G6P)

34
Q

Where does glycogen synthesis take place?

A
  1. Liver - anaerobic pathway during exercise from lactate or glucose post-meal
  2. Skeletal muscle - occurs from blood glucose that comes from G6P
35
Q

What is the best VO2 to burn fat?

A

50% VO2 max is optimal

moderate exercise for a longer period of time is better for fat oxidation

36
Q

What is the fuel type as exercise duration and intensity increases?

A

Fats first and then start to rely on blood glucose and muscle glycogen (stored form of glucose)
Fats cannot be exclusively burned during rest nor exercise

37
Q

What causes fatigue in the muscles?

A

Glycogen stores being used

Lactate production

38
Q

Where are ketones produced?

A

primarily in the liver but the liver can’t utilize them

39
Q

How are ketones created?

A

Acetyl CoA can bind to itself when there is not enough OAA available to make the Kreb’s cycle turn.
Acetyl CoA binding to itself creates Ketone bodies

40
Q

When can Ketones be good?

A
  1. A fuel source during prolonged exercise
  2. Used as fuel source in the brain during starvation
  3. Don’t need ATP to synthesize ketones
41
Q

When are Ketones bad?

A
  1. Ketoacidosis - when Ketones accumulate in blood and decrease pH
  2. Secreted by kidney to urine - lead to kidney failure
  3. Changes in BMR (decreases)

Foundational Sciences (8 decks)

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