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Foundational Sciences > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Innervates muscles

Voluntary nerves

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nerves

Involuntary

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3
Q

What do peripheral nerves contain?

A

Motor neurons = somatic and autonomic

Sensory neurons

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4
Q

Somatic tissue innervation is where?

A

skeletal muscle only and it’s voluntary mostly

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5
Q

Autonomic tissue innervation is where?

A

All other tissues except muscle fibers

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6
Q

Are somatic nerves myelinated?

A

motor neurons generally myelinated

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7
Q

Are autonomic nerves myelinated?

A

Post-ganglionic efferents generally not myelinated

Pre-ganglionic efferents are myelinated

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8
Q

Somatic neuronal organization

A

All neuronal synapses occur within the CNS

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are in the ventral horn

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9
Q

Autonomic neuronal organization

A

Nerves can synapse outside the CNS

Cell bodies of postganglionic autonomic neurons lie in ganglia or within tissues outside the CNS

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10
Q

Somatic synaptic organization

A

Highly organized with terminal synapse

Neuromuscular junction at motor end plate

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11
Q

Autonomic synaptic organization

A

Forms extensive plexus with variscosities that are packed with neurotransmitters
aka: plexuses not well organized

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12
Q

Somatic response to tissue lesion

A

Paralysis- loss of ability to contract

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13
Q

Autonomic response to tissue lesion

A

some level of spontaneous activity independent of intact innervation

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

“Fight or flight reaction”
HR increases
Blood shunted to active muscle- away from viscera
Stored fuel is catabolized

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15
Q

Sympathetic nerves coming from spinal cord

A

More innervation to thoracic spine
Right next to spinal cord = short pre-ganglionic
Long post-ganglionic
Take longer to respond because of long post-gang fibers

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16
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A 
Vegetative functions (SLUDD) 
Opposite of sympathetic nerves
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18
Q

Parasympathetic Pre and Post Ganglionic Structure

A

Cranial and sacral region
Away from spinal cord = long pre-ganglionic
short post-ganglionic to target
Fast response b/c of long pre-gang myelinated fibers

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19
Q

Pre-ganglionic Neurotransmitter and Receptor

A

ALWAYS Ach neurotransmitter
Binds to nicotinic receptor
Found in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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20
Q

Sympathetic Post-ganglionic Neurotransmitter and Receptor

A

Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine
Receptor: adrenergic receptors

21
Q

Parasympathetic Post-ganglionic Neurotransmitter and Receptor

A

Neurotransmitter: Ach
Receptor: muscarinic receptor

22
Q

Spinal Nerve Synapse

A

Synapse on the chain of ganglia!
spinal nerve - ventral root - white ramus communicans - synapse on chain of ganglia - out gray ramus communicans (not myelinated) - go to specific tissue

23
Q

Sympathetic Nerve Synapse

A

Synapse on the chain of ganglia!

Go to the heart

24
Q

Collateral ganglia pattern of synapsing

A

Pass through the chain of ganglia
They re-route to either celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, or inferior mesentreric ganglia
All round the GUT!

25
Q

Where can direct synapse occur?

A

Adrenal gland can synapse directly on it

26
Q

What makes metabotropic different from ionotropic pathways?

A

Has a G-protein complex with a second messenger system
Uses a muscarinic receptor
Causes a membrane hyperpolarization do decrease Heart Rate

27
Q

What do Ionotropic pathways do?

A

bind to nicotinic receptors
ligand-gated channels
eventually cause a muscle contraction type response

28
Q

What type of receptors are Ach?

A

Cholinergic

29
Q

Adrenal Medulla Pathway

A

Part of Sympathetic Nervous System

Pre-ganglionic nerve - Ach - direct binding to adrenal medulla - release NE (20%) and EPI (80%) into the blood stream

30
Q

Typical Sympathetic Nervous System Pathway

A

Pre-ganglionic nerve - Ach binds to nicotinic receptors - post-ganglionic nerve in peripheral (aka long post) - Release NE - binds to adrenergic receptors - goes to target tissue

31
Q

How can the adrenal gland act as a sympathetic gangilon?

A

The pre-ganglionic nerve stimulate the DIRECT release of EPI meaning it does not need to send the signal any further

32
Q

Alpha 1 receptors location

A

Arterioles, veins - vasoconstriction

liver, glycogenolysis

33
Q

Alpha 2 receptors location

A

Pancrease and intestines - reduce NE release

34
Q

Beta 1 receptors location

A

Heart - SA node, myocardial tissue
Increases HR and Contractility
Lipolysis

35
Q

Beta 2 receptor location

A

Lungs- bronchodilation
Liver- glycogenolysis
Skeletal Muscle- glycogenolysis, lipolysis

36
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter?

A

Norepinephrine

37
Q

What occurs at adrenergic synapse?

A
  • At adrenergic synapses, there are substances co-released (with NE), such as ATP or neuropeptide Y
  • ATP acts on p3 receptor, which increases calcium, which increases contraction
  • Important: NE is only 60% of the response in healthy individuals. It’s not a one terminal neurotransmitter model
38
Q

What happens to NE after it is re-uptaken at the synaptic terminal?

A

Degraded by MAO and COMT (both are enzymes)

39
Q

MAO

A

Does catecholamine removal
Reuptake and deamination by post-gang neurons
Used as an anti-depressant

40
Q

When is MAO detrimental?

A

tyramine (found in cheese, beer) which causes NE to stay in the synapse ->if taking MAO inhibitor, cannot degrade these -> creates hypertensive emergency situation need to monitor BP

41
Q

COMT

A

Catabolism (breakdown) at tissues such as liver (primarily), kidneys, and smooth muscle
Used as inhibitor for Parkinson’s disease

42
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Increase SBP
NE -> binds to alpha 1 and 2 receptors -> vasoconstiction -> increase TPR ->increase DPB -> increase MAP -> increase Baroreceptor response -> increase parasympathetic activity (decreases HR and increases CO slightly) -> decrease sympathetic activity

The whole process is geared to decrease MAP

43
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increase SBP
EPI -> binds to Beta 2 receptors -> vasodilation -> decrease TPR -> decrease DPB -> decrease MAP -> decrease Afterload -> increase HR -> increase contractility

44
Q

What happens to Catecholamines after they have been packaged in vessicles?

A

Released by exocytosis and can choose 1 out of 3 pathways:

  1. Bind to receptor on target cell
  2. Undergo reuptake into terminal
  3. Enter the blood stream
45
Q

Catecholamine pathway during rest

A

Most of NE released is reuptaken into the terminal

example: 150 released and 140 is reuptaken. Only 10 leftover to synapse

46
Q

Catecholamine pathway during exercise

A

Pathway is elevated
More synthesis, release of NE, reuptake, and degradation resulting in a larger turnover of catecholamines
Example: Release 1500 and reuptake 1400. Now have 100 leftover to synapse

47
Q

pheochromocytomas

A

Chromaffin Cell Tumor on adrenal gland typically

  1. increases catecholamine secretion (NE and EPI)
  2. Leads to vasoconstriction, increase R, increase BP, hypertension
  3. Produces sympathetic-like activity
48
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

A

Hyper-responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system
Occurs in Spinal Cord Injuries, typically with bowel/bladder control
Can’t get signal past the lesion. Solution send it out to spinal nerve to cause vasoconstriction which increases TPR and MAP. The baroreflex will be stimulated and cause multiple symptoms. To relieve this have the patient use the bathroom!!

49
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia Symptoms

A 
Paroxysmal hypertension 
Bradycardia 
Pounding headache 
Blurred vision 
Sweating above level of injury 
Flushing/blotching of skin above level of injury

Foundational Sciences (8 decks)

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