Electron Transport Chain Flashcards
Catabolism
energy-releasing reaction caused from break down of molecules
Anabolism
energy-requiring process where molecules join together
Where does ATP come from?
conversion of chemical energy that is stored in carbs, fats, and proteins
Why is ATP the preferred energy source for exercise?
It’s an energy source that muscles recognize and can use to perform movement
ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that yield a large amount of energy for the body
How is ATP produced?
Foodstuff broken down with oxygen that creates carbon dioxide, water, heat, and ATP
Cellular oxidation allows foodstuff to be broken down into something usable
Energy Sources to make ATP and fuel the body
Macronutrients:
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
How are carbs broken down?
Glycolysis
How are fats broken down?
Beta Oxidation
How are proteins broken down?
Deamination - take an amino acid off and use it for energy
What is the simplest breakdown converting foodstuff to ATP?
Foodstuff (carbs, fats, protein) –> broken down by respective pathway (glycolysis, B oxidation, deamination) –> Carriers (NADH or FADH2) –> arrive at ETC –> ATP created here –> energy for muscle contraction
Where is the ETC located?
Mitochondria
Carbohydrates
Glucose or stored form glycogen (linked glucose molecules) (stored in liver and skeletal muscle)
Many ways carbs become these!!
Heavy fuel for exercise because of water storage they require
Glycolysis
break down of glucose
Gluconeogenesis
create new glucose
Glycogenolysis
break down of stored glycogen
Glycogen Synthesis
Create more glycogen by connecting glucose molecules together
Fat
Made up of fatty acid chains that are insoluble with a glycerol backbone that is water soluble
Light fuel source for exercise
How does the body break fat down?
Lipolysis- beta oxidation
How does the body create new lipids?
Lipogenesis
Proteins
Types: alanine and amino acids
Not much of an energy source during exercise
Alanine
Prototype protein that is a substrate to create glucose
Amino Acids
building blocks for proteins that can be deaminiated and used for the Kreb’s cycle
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
CO2 produced/ O2 consumed
Ratio is 1 carb/ 0.7 fat
When carbs and fats are 0.85 being used 50/50
More oxygen is required to burn fats
Used to determine what fuel is being burned during exercise
How does energy from macronutrient oxidation transfer to the ETC?
Generating carriers with redox reactions
Reduction reaction
Add an electron causing the charge to be reduced
Oxidation reaction
Take an electron or proton away/ break it down
If a molecule loses an electron it is?
Oxidized
If a molecule gains an electron it is?
Reduced
2 types of carriers to the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
Why is ETC coupled with oxidative phosphorylation?
Way for glucose, fat, and proteins to cash in on their carriers.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the ETC, the production of ATP from ADP + Phosphate, method for macronutrients to ‘cash in on their carriers’
Requires Oxygen and proton gradient
Proton gradient requires energy `
How many carriers are produced through oxidative phosphorylation?
2.5 ATP/ NADH
1.5 ATP/ FADH
Lost 0.5 ATP due to the cost of pumping against the proton gradient
Exergonic Reaction
Energy loss per reaction
Glucose –> co2 and water
RER of Carbs
1
glucose produces around 32 ATP. Associated with a ‘lot of water’
RER of Fats
0.7
fatty acids produce around 106 ATP (106 x 3 in a triglyceride)
What type of reactant agent is NAD?
Oxidizing agent
To be this it must become reduced b/c it is ‘stealing’ the electron from the ‘foodstuff it is oxidizing.
Example: NAD oxidizes ‘foodstuff’ (foodstuff loses electron), becomes reduced itself as it gains an electron (NADH+).
What type of reactant agent is NADH+
Reducing agent. It donates its electron(s) to Oxygen. Oxygen when reduced = H2O
