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Foundational Sciences > Adaptations to Exercise > Flashcards

Adaptations to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What needs to happen to see any effects of exercise training?

A
  1. Overload- stress system beyond what its used to
  2. Specificity- training effects specific to muscles involved in work
  3. Reversibility- loss of training adaptation
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2
Q

VO2 max from trained to untrained individual

A

“work is work” Pre-training and post-training same work done at a given VO2. However, that given VO2 is likely to be a higher percentage of the untrained individuals VO2max. The untrained feels like they are working harder at a given VO2

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3
Q

What are the training effects on VO2 max?

A

Better at O2 extraction

This decreases need for muscle blood flow, spares blood for thermoregulation and increased flow to other organs

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4
Q

Why is stroke volume higher in athletes?

A

Increased left ventricle thickness, increased left ventricle cavity size, increased volume/preload

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5
Q

What does heart rate follow?

A

Relative workload or % of VO2 max

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6
Q

Why does heart rate decrease while stroke volume increases?

A

More parasympathetic tone on the heart decreases heart rate but the heart itself is bigger and therefore have more volume of blood to send out making the stroke volume bigger.

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7
Q

A bigger heart leads to:

A
  1. Increased preload (major effector)
  2. Increase contractility
  3. Decrease afterload (TPR)
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8
Q

What can an athletes heart look like and why?

A

Failing heart
The difference is function
1. hypertrophy in muscle = caused by growth hormone
2. Heart failure/hypertension = angiotensin or endothelin

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9
Q

Cardiac volumes for maximal exercise in a trained individual

A

Cardiac Output = 40 L/min
Heart rate = 200 bpm
Stroke Volume = 200 mL/beat
EF= greater than 80%

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10
Q

Why does preload increase in an athletes heart?

A
  1. Increased plasma volume
    a. increased total blood volume by 10-30%
    b. decreased hematocrit for first bit
  2. Increase venous return = more fill on the heart
  3. Increase ventricular volume
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11
Q

Why does afterload decrease in an athletes heart?

A
  1. Decrease arteriolar constriction

2. Increase maximal muscle blood flow with no change in MAP

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12
Q

Why does contractility increase in an athletes heart?

A

Have Beta 1 adrenergic receptor sensitivity

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13
Q

Why does a-vO2 difference increase?

A
  1. Increased mitochondrial number- increases muscles ability to extract oxygen from blood
  2. Increased capillary density ergo get more mitochondria
    Basically: less work for each mitochondria with training
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14
Q

Alteration in blood pressure at rest with training

A

No change for normal blood pressure

Hypertensive individuals- decrease SBP and DBP (ace inhibitors cause this too)

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15
Q

Alterations in blood pressure with submax exercise

A
  1. Decrease DBP slightly
  2. Less catecholamines released:
    a. decrease fatigue of muscle b/c decrease central command
    b. decrease concentration of metabolites which decreases exercise pressor reflex
    c. enhanced sensitivity of target tissues to catecholamines
    d. enhanced sensitivity to insulin
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16
Q

What is the benefit of enhanced sensitivity to insulin with submax exercise?

A

Type II diabetics can have a bigger affect of storing glucose in their muscles
Due to decrease insulin from pancreas and increased number of GLUT-4 transporters

17
Q

Alterations in blood pressure with max exercise

A

Unchanged mostly

Greater abundance of catecholamine release

18
Q

Effects of endurance training on ventilation

A
  1. Rest = unchanged
  2. Submax exercise = Fb decreased with training
  3. Max exercise = increased Ventilation, tidal volume is increased, Fb increases eventually due to hyperventilation
19
Q

Does the lung limit exercise performance?

A

No, except in elite athletes it can decrease saturation and ventilatory muscles can steal flow from skeletal muscles during exercise

20
Q

Metabolic adaptions to training

A
  1. Mitochondrial response
  2. Capillary density
  3. Muscle fiber change
  4. Glucose sparing effect
  5. Blood lactate clearance
21
Q

Mitochondrial response to training

A
  1. increase in number and size
  2. increase number of ATP per mitochondria
  3. increase enzymes for aerobic metabolism
22
Q

Capillary density adaptation during training

A
  1. increase number of capillaries per fiber and unit area
    a. affects substrate delivery and waste removal
  2. Increase myoglobin content
    - capillaries only increase with endurance training due to the oxidative mechanism
23
Q

Adaptation to muscle fibers

A
  1. shift from FG –> to FOG –> SO
  2. Increase oxidative enzymes fro Kreb’s and Beta Oxidation
  3. Fibers favor lactate removal due to change in LDH
  4. Increase intensity and duration recruit more FG fibers
24
Q

What aids in sparing glucose for the muscles?

A
  1. Carbohydrates increase muscle glycogen stores

2. Fats are utilized more with training which spares glycogen

25
Q

Utilization of fats with training

A
  1. increase fat storage in muscle near mitochondria
  2. Decrease RER
  3. Decrease EPI and NE which decreases glucagon
  4. Favor carbohydrate side of things
26
Q

Why does the lactate threshold increase with training?

A
  1. Decrease lactate production due to ETC providing more fuel stores and being able to keep up with glycolysis
  2. Increase lactate removal by having more blood flow available to bring it to the liver
27
Q

What strength adaptations occur with training?

A
  1. Neural control - most gains
  2. Muscle Hypertrophy - muscle gets bigger
  3. Muscle hyperplasia - cells increase in number
28
Q

Neural Control gains with strength training

A
  1. increase number of motor units recruited
  2. Increase motor neuron firing rate so muscle contracts at higher rate
  3. Enhance motor synchronization - more coordinated
  4. Remove neural inhibition by having the golgi reflex be less prominent
29
Q

Muscle hypertrophy with strength training

A

Muscle fibers increase in size

  1. more actin and myosin
  2. net increase in muscle protein synthesis to allow contractions
30
Q

Muscle hyperplasia with strength training

A

1, Satellite cells on periphery of mature muscle cell

2. Myonuclear domain theory

31
Q

Satellite cells in skeletal muscle

A

Mediate muscle repair, regeneration, and hypertrophy

Activated in response to signals associated with muscle damage

32
Q

Myonuclear domain theory

A

Muscle hyperplasia

  1. Muscle myonuclei fuse with each other
  2. Myonuclei fuse with existing damaged muscle cell
33
Q

Should elderly people do strength/resistance training?

A

Resistance training is shown to be an effective means to combat frailty in elderly individuals

Foundational Sciences (8 decks)

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