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Biology > Response and Regulation > Flashcards

Response and Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and spinal cord (Central Nervous System) and specialised nerves that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord (Peripheral nervous system) that carry information as impulses into and out of the CNS.

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2
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

It controls movements by sending electrical signals (nerve impulses) along a network of specialised cells known as neurons. This allows an organism to rapidly react to environmental and internal changes.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron - Carries impulses from receptors (sense organs) to CNS
Relay neuron - Carries impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons in the CNS
Motor neuron - Carries impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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4
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A small gap between neurons across which a nerve impulse is transmitted via neurotransmitters.

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5
Q

What are sense organs?

A

A group of special cells called receptor cells which can detect changes around them, internally and externally.

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6
Q

What are changes to the environment or internal body called?

A

Stimuli

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7
Q

What happens once the sense organs detect a change?

A

The information from the sense organs travels to the brain and spinal cord (CNS) along neurons.

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8
Q

What does the brain do with information?

A

It coordinates the information from the sense organs and takes appropriate action, if necessary.

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9
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An automatic response to a stimulus by the body. It is involuntary and serves as a protective mechanism.

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10
Q

Types of reflexes?

A

Withdrawal reflex - Pulling away, initiated when touching a hot object to prevent burns.
Pupil reflex - Pupils constrict to prevent damage to the eye by bright lights
Blink reflex - Protects the eyes from foreign bodies

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11
Q

What does a reflex involve?

A

A stimulus, receptor, coordinator, effector and a response

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12
Q

How is a reflex carried out?

A
  1. A stimulus is a change in the environment that can be detected
  2. A receptor is an organ that detects the stimulus.
  3. A coordinator detects the signal from a receptor and sends an impulse to the effector.
  4. The effector is the part of the body (usually a muscle) that produces the response.
  5. The response is the action carried out.
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13
Q

What is the iris and what does it do?

A

A pigmented ring of circular and radial muscles. Controls the size of the pupil to alter how much light enters the eye by closing and opening/ contracting to adjust the size of the pupil.

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14
Q

What is the pupil and what does it do?

A

A gap in the iris through which light passes. Allows light to enter the eye.

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15
Q

What is the cornea and what does it do?

A

Transparent area of outer coating to let light in. Refracts light entering the eye.

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16
Q

What is the lens and what does it do?

A

Transparent biconvex structure. Flexible and focuses light onto the retina by refraction.

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17
Q

What is a blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve is attached to the eye. There is a gap in the retina here.

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18
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Takes signal from the eye to the brain. It is located at the back of the eye and conveys nerve impulses from the retina.

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19
Q

What is a retina and what does it do?

A

Light sensitive inner layer containing photoreceptors and converts light energy into neural signals which are sent to the brain via optic nerve.

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20
Q

What is a choroid and what does it do?

A

Black layer which reduces internal reflection and absorbs light.

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21
Q

What is a sclera and what does it do?

A

Tough, white protective outer layer. Around most of the eye it’s opaque but is transparent at the front to let light in and maintains the eyeball shape.

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22
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the name given to the collection of processes which keep certain conditions in the body the same constant level. This maintains optimum conditions for the chemical reactions going on in cells.

23
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemical messengers that are made in certain organs and travel around in the bloodstream affecting various specific parts of the body. They are mainly used for medium/long-term regulations.

24
Q

What are the main conditions that are controlled by hormones in the body?

A

Temperature, water content, glucose concentration

25
Q

Why must temperature be kept stable?

A

Must be kept stable at optimum levels for enzymes to function properly.

26
Q

Why must water content levels be kept stable?

A

Too little water (Dehydration) may make the body fluids too concentrated and damage the body, too much water dilutes body fluids.

27
Q

Why must glucose concentrations be kept stable?

A

Glucose is essential for energy but if levels get too high it can damage the body and risk dehydration. If too low the rate of cellular respiration decreases.

28
Q

How is blood glucose concentration controlled?

A

By the hormones insulin and glucagon which are secreted by the pancreas.

29
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are raised after a meal?

A

The hormone insulin (a protein) reduces it. Insulin is released into the bloodstream where it converts soluble glucose to an insoluble carbohydrate called glycogen which is stores in the liver.

30
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are reduced after using energy i.e. exercise?

A

The hormone glucagon is released into the blood. It causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

31
Q

What happens with type 1 diabetes?

A

Immune system attacks and destroys insulin - producing cells and the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin.

32
Q

What happens with type 2 diabetes?

A

The body no longer responds properly to the insulin produced and develops insulin resistance.

33
Q

What do type 1 diabetic people have to do?

A
  1. The person has to inject themselves with insulin (usually before every meal) to replace the natural insulin.
  2. Diet has to be carefully managed. Person must eat the right amount of carbohydrates (which is the source of glucose) to match the amount of insulin injected.
  3. The patient usually tests their glucose levels several times a day to make sure they don’t get too high or too low.
34
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes USUALLY?

A

Being overweight or obese

35
Q

What do type 2 diabetic people have to do?

A
  1. Diet has to be carefully managed by eating a healthier diet, blood glucose levels stay at a constant level
  2. Regular exercise uses glucose for energy and respiration.
  3. Drugs such as metformin tablets.
36
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is a control mechanism often used in living organisms to keep a particular factor within an acceptable range. It is a mechanism whereby a change in a factor sets off a series of events that lead to that factor being brought back to the normal level.

37
Q

When a lack of lack of food is detected what happens?

A

There is a low blood glucose level and it’s detected by the cells in the pancreas and glucagon is released.The blood glucose goes back to normal.

38
Q

When carbohydrates are eaten what happens?

A

There is a high blood glucose level and it’s detected by the cells in the pancreas and insulin is released. The blood glucose goes back to normal.

39
Q

When temp is high - Sweat

A

Sweat evaporates and draws heat out of the skin

40
Q

When temp is high - Sweat glands

A

Sweat glands produce a lot of sweat

41
Q

When temp is high - Blood capillaries

A

Blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate (get wider) and more blood flows close to the atmosphere. This allows blood to pass out of the blood.

42
Q

When temp is high - Hair erector muscle

A

Muscle relaxes to flatten the hair

43
Q

When temp is high - Hair

A

Flattened hair reduces the insulating effect of the layer of trapped air between the hair.

44
Q

When temp is low - Sweat

A

No sweating

45
Q

When temp is low - Sweat gland

A

Little sweat is produced

46
Q

When temp is low - Blood capillaries

A

Blood vessels constrict (get narrower). Less blood flows through them. This prevents heat to pass out of the blood as less blood flows close to the atmosphere.

47
Q

When temp is low - Hair erector muscle

A

Muscle contracts so hair stands on end

48
Q

When temp is low - Hair

A

Hair stands on end so the layer of air trapped acts as an insulation.

49
Q

What other lifestyle choices can cause harm to the body?

A

Drugs affect chemical processes within the body and can produce damaging side effects.
Alcohol and the nicotine in tobacco are drugs and their effects on body chemistry can decrease reaction time and cause liver damage, cardiovascular disease etc.

50
Q

What are plant tropisms?

A

The growth responses of a plant to stimuli

51
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A growth in response to light. Plant shoots grow towards the light (positive phototropism) and roots grows away from the light (negative phototropism).

52
Q

What is gravitropsim?

A

Growth towards or away from the pull of gravity. Roots of plants show positive gravitropism and stems show negative gravitropism.

53
Q

Why does phototropism and gravitropism occur?

A

These responses ensure that shoots always grow to get the most light for photosynthesis and roots grow in a way that anchors the plant and gets the water and nutrients it needs.

54
Q

What are tropisms controlled by?

A

The hormone auxin which stimulates growth in plant shoots and inhibits growth in plant roots.

Biology (8 decks)

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