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Biology > Disease, Defence and Treatment > Flashcards

Disease, Defence and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a microoganism?

A

A microorganism is a living organism that is so small that it an only be seen with a microscope.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of microorganisms?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi (NOT ALL FUNGI ARE MICROORGANISMS)
Protists

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3
Q

What can microorganisms do? (Pros)

A

Most microorganisms can be beneficial (gut bacteria helps with digestion, soil bacteria breaks down the dead bodies of plants and animals)

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

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5
Q

What is a protist?

A

An organism belonging to the kingdom Protista. Many protists consist of just one cell, which is eukaryotic.

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6
Q

What does eukaryotic mean?

A

Containing a nucleus

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7
Q

What is in the structure of bacteria?

A

Cell wall (Made of murein)
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA in bacterial cells that flaws loose

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8
Q

What is in the structure of a virus?

A

Genes and a protein coat

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9
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

Direct Contact
Bodily fluids
Aerosol infection
Water
Insects
Contaminated food

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10
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

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11
Q

What is AIDS caused by?

A

A virus HIV

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12
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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13
Q

How is HIV spread? (Specific)

A

Body fluids : mainly blood, semen and vaginal fluids

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14
Q

What is the main means of spread of AIDS (General)

A

Sexual intercourse or the sharing of needles in drug use.

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15
Q

What does HIV do?

A

HIV destroys white blood cells and affects lymphocytes by making the individual immunodeficient and increasingly susceptible to other diseases.

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16
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Antiviral drugs taken for life

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17
Q

How can the spread of HIV be prevented?

A

Safe sex - Use of condoms
Avoiding sharing needles and syringes
Wearing surgical gloves when treating bleeding

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18
Q

What is chlamydia caused by?

A

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium, chlamydia trachomatis.

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19
Q

How is chlamydia transmitted?

A

It is transmitted through unprotected sex and is usually symptomless.

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20
Q

How can chlamydia be treated?

A

It can be treated by using antibiotics but if left untreated can lead to long-term health problems and sterility.

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21
Q

How can chlamydia be prevented?

A

This can be prevented by using a condom during sexual intercourse.

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22
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

Malaria is caused by a single celled parasite of the species Plasmodium (Protist) which is caused by mosquitos.

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23
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

The parasite is in the red blood cells that are picked up by the mosquito when it bites and can be injected into another person’s bloodstream.

24
Q

Effects of malaria?

A

The disease can be fatal as it destroys red blood cells causing fever.

25
Q

How can malaria be treated?

A

It can be treated by antimalarial drugs paludrine or daroprin to kill the plasmodium.

26
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

It can be prevented by preventing the mosquito biting :
Using mosquito nets at night
Biological control of mosquitoes
Killing mosquitoes with insecticide

27
Q

What does the immune system provide?

A

Two lines of defence, first preventing the entry of pathogens, then if that fails then killing them inside the body

28
Q

How does the body prevent entry of pathogens?

A

The skin - An impenetrable barrier against organisms (Except for body openings)

29
Q

What happens when the skin is broken?

A

The blood at the site of the wound clots, sealing the gap.

30
Q

What happens when pathogens get inside the body?

A

The pathogens are killed by white blood cells.

31
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

32
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Ingest ‘eat’ microorganisms and digest them

33
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produces chemicals called antibodies which destroy microorganisms and others called antitoxins which neutralise any poisons produced by the pathogen.

34
Q

How can white blood cells detect ‘foreign’ cells that do not belong to the body?

A

By recognising certain molecules on their cell surface.

35
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the surface of all cells?

36
Q

What do white blood cells do if they detect a ‘foreign’ cell?

A

If the white blood cells come across any cell that does not have the ‘correct’ pattern of antigens, they known that it’s an invader and attack it.

37
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to a foreign antigen.

38
Q

Difference between phagocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Phagocytes will attack any foreign cell but lymphocytes are specific.

39
Q

What does the antibodies produced depend on?

A

The antigens detected

40
Q

What can the antibodies do?

A

Either destroy the microorganisms or may stick them together so that the phagocytes can ingest a lot at once.

41
Q

Steps of becoming immune

A
  1. Antigens are detected by the white blood cells
  2. Phagocytes attack and lymphocytes start to develop an antibody against the antigens.
  3. When the lymphocytes start to produce the right antibody the also form memory cells which will be able to produce immunity against the antigen.
  4. The antibodies will start to work against the pathogen and wipe it out.
  5. The formation of memory cells means that if the same pathogen gets into the body again the response can be more rapid. Thus become immune.
42
Q

What is a drug?

A

A drug is a chemical that alters the way the body works in a certain way.

43
Q

What happens when a potential new drug is discovered?

A

It is tested on human cells grown outside the body in a laboratory. The drug is then tested on animals then healthy volunteer in a clinical trial to see if there are side effects. Further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug. Then the drug is trialled with a sample of people who have the disease to see if it is more effective than current treatments. If the drug passes all tests it is licensed for general use. (1-4 preclinical testing)

44
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical antibody clones cultured from one parent lymphocyte cell.

45
Q

What are activated lymphocytes able to do?

A

Activated lymphocytes of a specific type are able to divide continually and produce very large numbers of cells, each of which will produce a single antibody that respond to the same antigen.

46
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. Antigen is injected into a mouse
  2. Mouse’s white blood cells will produce antibodies specific to that antigen (after several days). Many of these can be found in the spleen.
  3. Some spleen tissue containing white blood cells is collected from the mouse.
  4. These cells are fused with myeloma cells (cancerous white blood cells) to form hybridoma cells. Cancer cells are used as they keep on growing and dividing.
  5. The hybridoma cells are collected and grown in a culture medium design to support them but not any left-over myeloma cells which die. Monoclonal antibodies are collected and purified.
47
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for? (HIV)

A

Used to attach to specific antigens such as chlamydia bacteria or HIV virus to diagnose the disease. It has a detectable chemical ‘label’ to it so it can be displayed.

48
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for? (Surgeries)

A

Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify different tissue types (for transplants). It is designed to recognise antigens on the surface. This reduces the chance of rejection.

49
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for? (Disease)

A

The malarial positive can be detected allowing scientists to diagnose the disease in patients that show no symptoms. This gives an indication of the effectiveness of malaria drugs.

50
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be made for?

A

Cancer cell antigens (tumour markers) and carry anti-cancer drugs directly to the cell.

51
Q

How can many diseases be prevented?

A

By being vaccinated before you encounter the pathogen.

52
Q

What is injected into you when you’re vaccinated?

A

You are vaccinated with the microorganisms that cause the disease. However, it’s dead, weakened or inactivated. It still has antigens so the lymphocytes can react to it.

53
Q

How can you get full immunity?

A

By building up more memory cells by getting one or more booster injections.

54
Q

Cons of vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations have their side effects and put off people.

55
Q

Why may parents reject vaccinations for children?

A

They may cause upset to children (needle)
Religious/cultural objects
Side effects

Biology (8 decks)

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