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GCSE Biology > Response and Regulation > Flashcards

Response and Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the human nervous system?

A

the central nervous system (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord

the peripheral nervous system – nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Neurones are long cells which carry electrical signals along their length.

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3
Q

How does information travel in the nervous system?

A

Information is brought to the central nervous system and taken away by nerves which are bundles of neurones.
Where two neurones meet there is a tiny gap called a synapse. The signal passes chemically across the synapse to the next neurone where the electrical impulse continues.

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4
Q

What is an effector?

A

The organ, tissue or cell that produces the response?

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5
Q

How does information flow in the nervous system?

A 
Receptors
*sensory neurons*
Coordinator
*motor neurons*
Effectors
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6
Q

What are stimuli?

A

Changes in the environment detected by receptors

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7
Q

What are receptor cells?

A

A cell that detects stimuli inside or outside the body

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8
Q

What stimulus can skin detect?

A

Temperature, pressure and pain

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9
Q

What stimulus can the tongue detect?

A

Chemical tastes (in food and drink)

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10
Q

What stimulus can the nose detect?

A

Chemical smells (in the air)

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11
Q

What stimuli can the eye detect?

A

Light

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12
Q

What stimuli can the ear detect?

A

Sound

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13
Q

What are effectors?

A

They produce a response to a detected stimulus, eg muscles

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14
Q

Examples of effectors?

A

muscle contracting to move an arm
a muscle contracting to alter pupil diameter in the eye
a gland releasing a hormone into the blood

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15
Q

Order to effector to from receptor?

A

A receptor cell passes an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone.

The sensory neurone reaches the coordinator, the CNS.

The sensory neurone connects to a relay neurone, via a synapse, inside the CNS.

The relay neurone connects to a motor neurone, via a synapse, inside the CNS.

The motor neurone leaves the CNS and the impulse is carried to the effector.

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16
Q

What do reflex actions need to be?

A

Automatic, rapid and protective

17
Q

What is the process of a reflex arc?

A

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response

18
Q

What happens to the iris in dim light?

A
  • radial muscles of the iris contract
  • circular muscles of iris relax
  • pupil dilates to let more light in
19
Q

What happens to the iris in bright light?

A
  • radial muscles of iris relax
  • circular muscles of iris contract
  • contracted pupil to let less light in
20
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Clear area of the sclera, it refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye.

21
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Muscles which alter the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light entering the eye.

22
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Focuses light onto the retina.

23
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Contains the light receptor cells.

24
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Carries impulses between the retina and the brain.

25
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

White, tough outer layer.

26
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Pigmented middle layer with many blood vessels. It absorbs light to avoid reflection and nourishes the retina.

27
Q

What is the function of the blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the retina so lacks receptor cells.

28
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Small hole at the centre of the iris through which light enters the eye.

29
Q

What is the definition of negative feedback?

A

A change from optimal, normal conditions resulting in the body responding to create optimal conditions.

30
Q

State 3 factors that are controlled within the body to maintain optimum conditions.

A

Temperature
Glucose
Water levels

31
Q

Suggest 2 reasons why blood glucose could drop for someone with insulin dependant diabetes.

A
  • they haven’t eaten in a while, so glucose isn’t being consumed
  • they have been exercising so the glucose in the body has been used up

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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