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GCSE Biology > December mock general :) > Flashcards

December mock general :) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vertabrates?

A

Animals WITH a backbone

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2
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Animals without a backbone

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3
Q

What groups are in the 5 kingdom classification method?

A 
Bacteria
Single-celled organisms
Plants
Fungi
Animals
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4
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

A universal method of naming a species, created by Carl Linnaeus. It is latin.

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5
Q

What 2 names are given to all species?

A

Genus + species

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6
Q

What is the genus?

A

The first name that other organisms share with other similar organisms.

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7
Q

What is the ‘species’ part of the name?

A

The second name, no other organism in the genus has this name.

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8
Q

What is the advantages of using a binomial name?

A
  • It is the same across the world
  • The name is the same in all languages
  • It avoids confusion and duplication caused by local or common names.
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9
Q

What are morphological adaptations?

A

Physical adaptations to the organisms shape.

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10
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Adaptations mentally (like instincts) to be successful in their environment.

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11
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between members of different species.

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12
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species.

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13
Q

What is an alien species?

A

A plant or animal that has been introduced to area in which it did not originate from.

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14
Q

What issues do invasive species cause?

A
  • Possibly grow faster than native plants and disrupt the ecosystem.
  • Native species may not be able to compete or adapt quick enough, so they may die out.
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15
Q

What issues can alien species cause?

A
  • May not have any predators so population may grow out of control.
  • Compete with native species, causing them to die out.
  • May prey on native species, reducing their number.
  • Possibly carry a disease which could impact other species in the area.
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16
Q

What is the process of mitosis?

A

The DNA replicates, producing 2 new daughter cells containing 4 chromosomes. Genetically identical and always the same number as the mother cell.

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17
Q

What is mitosis needed to do?

A
  • Make new cells needed for growth
  • Make cells needed to repair damage
  • Make new cells needed to replace older cells
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18
Q

What is the process of meiosis?

A

DNA replicates into 2 cells, making 4 new gametes containing 2 chromosomes. (Half the original number). New cells genetically different to mother cell.

19
Q

What is cancer the result of?

A

Uncontrolled mitosis. A cancerous tumour is one growing without any control, and can spread via the bloodstream to different parts of the body.

20
Q

Definition of stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that have the ability to form other cells.

21
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

They can differentiate into different types of cells, so they have the potential for producing cells by mitosis to replace damaged tissue.

22
Q

Where can stem cells be found in plants?

A

The meristems - growing points at the tips of roots and shoots.

23
Q

Where can stem cells be found in animals?

A

Bone marrow, umbilical cord, embryonic stem cells.

24
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryos left over from In Vitro Fertility (IVF) treatment.

25
Q

What are the uses of stem cell technology?

A
  • Can lead to the treatment and cure of many diseases.

- Can be used to replace damaged tissues, eg spinal tissue or the trachea.

26
Q

Advantages of adult stem cells?

A
  • Body will accept the cells so no rejection issues.

- No moral or ethical issues.

27
Q

Disadvantages of adult stem cells?

A
  • Complicated and the technology is still being developed.

- They are unable to differentiate into as many different cells.

28
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Source of cells are readily available from IVF treatment.

- Can differentiate into all cells.

29
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Religious objections: some people believe that destroying embryos destroys human life.
  • It’s like ‘farming’ humans.
30
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

The use of a section of DNA containing the normal allele as a way to treat genetic diseases, eg cystic fibrosis.

31
Q

How do they carry out gene therapy?

A

Inserting the section of normal DNA into a patient’s cells, where they are either

  • expressed as proteins
  • interfere with the expression of proteins
  • possibly even correct genetic mutations.​
32
Q

How can gene therapy help cystic fibrosis?

A

A healthy dominant allele can be inserted into a lipid capsule, which can be taken in by cells in the lungs. it gets into the nucleous of a cell, where it will be transcribed and incorperated into genome. The cells are often breathed in by an inhaler.

33
Q

Problems with gene therapy for cf?

A
  • DNA must enter cells in the lungs, can be rejected by natural responses.
  • DNA must enter the nucleous of a cell.
  • Treated cells may be replaced by untreated cells over time, making it a temporary fix.
34
Q

Issues with gene therapy in general?

A
  • Expensive and treatment can last lifetimes.
  • Not guaranteed cure, research is still being undertaken.
  • Religious groups believe that genes should not be manipulated, against the will of god.
35
Q

What is the definition of a recessive allele?

A

A type of allele which will not be manifested in an individual unless both of the individual’s copies of that gene have that particular genotype.

36
Q

What is the definition of a dominant allele?

A

An allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different.

37
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

Evolution is the process by which organisms have gradually changed over a long period of time.

38
Q

What does evolution result in?

A

An organism becoming better adapted to its environment.

39
Q

How is natural selection outlined?

A
  • All pops vary
  • Animals over-produce, creating competition
  • Some have variations which others don’t, and survive longer.
  • Those who survive will breed, passing on genes.
  • Next gen has adaptations, but the process will start again.
  • Final result - beneficial characteristics become more common. which will spread to the whole pop, which will have evolved as a result.
40
Q

What are the 4 types of variation?

A

Heritable (passed on from genes)
Environmental (real life effects, eg scars)
Continuous (no categories, just a range, eg height)
Discontinuous (grouped, eg blood type)

41
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Backbone chains of alternating sugar and phosphate units, twisted into a double helix.

42
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine.

43
Q

What is the DNA code?

A

Three bases are code for 1 amino acid. Amino acids (around 20, but it varies) are then joined together to make a protein. This is known as the triplet hypothesis.

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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