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Biology > Response And Communication > Flashcards

Response And Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

How is the CNS divided?

A

Brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

to process information and form a response and connect brain to body

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4
Q

How is the peripheral NS divided?

A

Sensory NS and Motor NS

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5
Q

How is Motor NS divided?

A

Somatic and Autonomic NS

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6
Q

How is Autonomic NS divided?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

What kind of system is the autonomic DS divided into?

A

Antagonistic

Both do the opposite of each other to counteract their effects when needed

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8
Q

In terms of neurones, what is the brain consist of?

A

Relay and non myelinated neurones

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9
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A
  • Inner gray matter (unmyelinated axons)

- Outer white matter (myelinated axons)

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10
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

vertebral column

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11
Q

What’s the difference between Somatic NS and Autonomic NS?

A 
Somatic = conscious and myelinated 
Autonomic = unconscious and non myelinated
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12
Q

Function of peripheral NS?

A

Raid communication between sensory receptors, CNS and effector

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13
Q

Function of sensory neurones

A

Carry action potential from sensory receptor to CNS

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14
Q

What is a ganglia/ganglion?

A

A junction where neurone cell bodies are concentrated in one spot in the Peripheral NS.

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15
Q

How to identify a Sympathetic or Parasympathetic system using the ganglia?

A

Sympathetic - ganglia closer to CNS

Parasympathetic - ganglia near the effector away from CNS

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16
Q

What does a sympathetic NS do?

A

Excites / speeds up

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17
Q

What does a Parasympathetic NS do?

A

Depresses/ slows down

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18
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in Sympathetic NS?

A

Noradreline

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in Parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

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20
Q

When are Sympathetic and Parasympathetic most active?

A

Sympathetic - stress

  • increased heart rate
  • decreased digestive activity

Parasympathetic - relax

  • decreased heart rate
  • increased digestive activity
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21
Q

What parts of the brain do i need to know?

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Corpus callosum
Spinal cord
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22
Q

What does cerebrum do?

A

Control thought, movement, emotion and judgement

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23
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Balance and coordination control

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24
Q

What’s the purpose of the Hypothalamus and pituitary complex?

A

Control homeostatic response in the body

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25
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

Coordinates many autonomic response.

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26
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the brain made up of thin layer of nerve cell body which forms the folds.

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27
Q

What is the purpose of corpus callosum?

A

To connect the brain’s two hemispheres

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28
Q

What are the three types of areas in the cerebral cortex?

A

motor, sensory, association

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29
Q

What is the sensory area in cerebral cortex?

A

Receives action potential from receptors directly

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30
Q

What determines the sizes of the sensory area?

A

Sensitivity of the specific receptor

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31
Q

What is the motor area in the cerebral cortex?

A

Sensitivity of the specific receptor

32
Q

What determines the size of the motor area?

A

Complexity of movements needed in parts of the body.

33
Q

How does the association area work?

A

Receives neuronal input,
Compares to previous experience
Interpret input for appropriate response.

34
Q

What side of the body does the left motor area control

A

Right

35
Q

Give examples of what cerebellum do

A

Maintain body position and balance on a bike
Judge object position
Muscle tension to use tools

36
Q

How does the cerebellum control movement?

A 
Learn an action
Practice strengthens nervous pathway
Action is programmed into cerebellum
Neurones conduct action potentials to motor area
Motor neurone outputs to effector
37
Q

How does the H&P complex control homeostasis?

A

Have their own sensory receptors, which detects changes in internal conditions.

Act by negative feedback

38
Q

Temperature regulation by the H&P complex

A

Detect core temperature change
Hormonal Response initiated

Or

Detect temperature change via skin receptor
Nervous response initiated ( reflex arc?)

39
Q

Osmoregulation with H&P complex

A 
Osmoreceptor detect decrease in water potential
Posterior Pituitary release ADH
ADH act on cells on collecting duct
result in more aquaporins in membrane
Using negative feedback
40
Q

What links posterior lobe and hypothalamus?

A

Neurosecretory cells

41
Q

How does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together?

A
  • Hypothalamus synthesise hormones
  • hormones travel through neurosecretory cells
  • hormones to pituitary gland
  • pituitary gland releases hormone to bloodstream
42
Q

What controls a number of physiological processes?

A

Anterior pituitary

43
Q

How does the AnP control physiological processes?

A

Hypothalamus releases hormone ( releasing factors)
Releasing factors cause anterior love to produce hormones
Hormones is used to control physiological processes

44
Q

What are examples of non-skeletal muscles?

A

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary smooth muscle

45
Q

What are centres found in medulla oblongata?

A

Areas that control vital processes like

Cardiac
Vasomotor ( blood circulation and pressure)
Respiratory

46
Q

What is a fight or flight response?

A

A response to a threat via physiological changes ready for activity.

47
Q

What are the physiological changes in fight or flight response?

A 
Pupil dilation
Increase heart rate and blood pressure
Constriction of arterioles in digestive system and skin
Dilation of arterioles in muscles and liver
BGL increases
Erector pili muscle constrict
Increased ventilation + depth of breath
Release of endorphins
48
Q

How is the supply of glucose increased when doing a fight or flight response?

A

Threat detected by association centre
AP to Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus produce Corticotrophin (CRH)
Pituitary gland Secrete Adrenocorticotrophic hormones (ACTH)
ACTH causes Adrenal cortex to secrete corticoids
Eg cortisol which regulate metabolism of carbs, fats, prots.

49
Q

How is rate of metabolism increased for fight or flight response?

A

Association centre detect threat
AP to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus secretes Thyrotrophin (TRH)
TRH causes pituitary gland to release Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland release Thyroxine
Thyroxine increases metabolic rate and make cells more sensitive to adrenaline

50
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic NS in fight or flight response?

A

AP from hypothalamus when threat is detected is sent to the sympathetic pathway

AP causes glands and smooth muscles to activate

Activated the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline.

51
Q

Describe the Adrenaline action

A

Adrenaline has complementary shape to specific receptor on cell membrane
Binding causes activation of G protein
G proteins activates Adenyl Cyclase
Converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP is second messenger, which activates an enzyme to initiate a cascade of reactions.

52
Q

How is they blood flow controlled in fight or flight response?

A

Arterioles in the digestive system and skin contracts = more resistant to blood flow, causing it to divert

Arterioles in the muscles and liver dilates to ease blood flow.

53
Q

Why do we need to control heart rate?

A

Difference cells have different needs under different conditions and or body needs to meet those needs.

54
Q

What does Myogenic mean?

A

Can initiate its own beat without needing external stimuli.

55
Q

How does the nervous system control the heart rate?

A

Via Cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata

56
Q

How is the heart rate controlled at rest?

A

Sinoatrial node acting as a pacemaker

57
Q

What nerve is used to send AP to the SAN via sympathetic pathway and its effect?

A

Via Accelerans nerve

Increases heart rate.

58
Q

What nerve is used to send AP to the SAN via Parasympathetic pathway and its effect?

A

Vagus nerve and decreases heart rate

59
Q

What are the factors affecting heart rate?

A

CO2 conc
Adrenaline
Limb movement
Blood pressure

60
Q

How does CO2 conc affect heart rate?

A

High CO2 conc decreases pH
Detected by Chemoreceptors, ap to cardiovascular centre
Causes heart rate to increase

Ph decreases as:
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

H+ = Haemoglobonic acid)
HCO3- = decreases pH of blood ( as it is in blood : ) )
61
Q

How does Blood pressure affect heart rate?

A

Stretch receptors on Carotid sinus detect BP ( more pressure = more force = stretch)

Input to cardiovascular centre

Vagus nerve

Heart rate decrease.

62
Q

What are the three types of Muscles?

A

Involuntary (smooth)
Voluntary (skeletal / striated)
Cardiac (heart)

63
Q

Where are involuntary muscles usually found?

A

Tubular structures, like intestines and bronchioles.

64
Q

Where are Voluntary muscles usually found?

A

At the joints in the skeleton, used for bending and straightening skeleton.

65
Q

How are voluntary muscles arranged to perform its function?

A

In antagonistic pair, When one stretches and elongates, the other contract and shortens.

66
Q

Describe the overall structure of skeletal muscles.

A

Muscles = bundles of muscle fibre
Tubular muscle fibre (muscle cell)
Muscle cells are made up of Myofibrils
Myofibrils are a chain off sarcomeres.

67
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Main store of calcium ions in voluntary muscles.

68
Q

Describe the structure of sarcomeres

A

Contains half an I-band on each end
Contains a dark A-Bond in the middle, made up off thick myosin.
Actin forms lines on the surface
The M line is in the middle of the A-band
Z-discs mark the end of one sarcomeres.

69
Q

What are the differences between the three types of muscles in terms of contractions?

A

Involuntary - regular + slow contraction, not tire easily, controlled by ANS

Voluntary - Quick and strong contraction, tire easily

Cardiac - Powerful contraction, not easily tired.

70
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle.

A

Cells joined together by intercalated discs and form cross-bridge with adjacent cells.

71
Q

What are purkyne fibres?

A

Specialised muscle cells that can carry electrical impulses.

72
Q

How is cross-bridging important in cardiac muscles?

A

Allow even distribution of electrical charge

Contraction results in squeezing action, not just simply becoming smaller

73
Q

What joined the cardiac muscle cells.

A

Intercalated discs, which also allows diffusion of ions between cells.

74
Q

What is the general term for the Purkyne tissue?

A

Bundle of His

75
Q

Where are the three areas that plants grows in and what type of tissues are they and the names.

A

Apical meristem
Intercalary
Lateral

76
Q

What is the function of lateral meristem and what are the two key structures?

A

Widening

Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

77
Q

Where are the stretch receptors that monitor blood pressure found?

A

Carotid sinus

Biology (11 decks)

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