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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structure of liver

A
  • hepatocytes are arranged in lobules

- central vein exit point of blood

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2
Q

What blood vessels supply the liver with blood?

A

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

How is bile drained from the liver?

A

canaliculus

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4
Q

What happens at the sinusoid

A

Blood form hepatic artery and portal vein mix, hepatocytes use this mixture and carry out function

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5
Q

What are the function of liver?

A

Control blood-glucose level
Bile, Cholesterol and plasma protein synthesis
Detoxification of Alcohol
Breakdown hormone
Destroy Red Blood Cells
Store vitamins, A D B12 Iron and glycogen

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6
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Process of reactions that render toxins harmless

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7
Q

Describe the detoxification of alcohol

A

ETHANOL —ethanol dehydrogenase—> ETHANAL —Ethanal dehydrogenase—> ethanoic acid —> acetyl coenzyme A

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8
Q

What coenzyme is used in detoxification of alcohol

A

NAD is reduced (gain 2 hydrogen each step)

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9
Q

What is the use of NAD

A

Break and oxidise fatty acids (excess alcohol intake means less NAD therefore fatty acids build up)
Accepts hydrogen from reaction as a coenzyme.

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10
Q

What are the stages of Urea formation?

A

Deamination

Ornithine cycle

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11
Q

What is formed during deamination?

A

keto acid

NH3 ammonia

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12
Q

Describe the ornithine cycle, including the reactants and products.

A

NH3 + CO2 + O —> C + H2O
C + NH3 —> A + H2O
A+ H2O —> Urea + O

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13
Q

How is kidney failure assessed?

A

Using Glomerular Filtration Rate
90-120 normal
<60 chronic kidney disease
<15 is kidney failure

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14
Q

What are the causes of kidney failure?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Heart disease
Hypertension
Infection

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15
Q

How is kidney failure treated?

A

Renal Dialysis

Kidney Transplant

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16
Q

Explain how renal dialysis is used to treat kidney failure

A
  • Blood passes through partially permeable dialysis membrane tube
  • Tube goes into Dialyser
  • Dialysis Fluid contains the right concentrations of substances for exchange
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17
Q

How is kidney transplant used for kidney failure treatment

A
  • New kidney attached to blood supply and bladder to replace the other
  • using immunosuppressant drugs to prevent body attacking kidney
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18
Q

Advantages of kidney transplant

A

No need for dialysis

improved quality of life ( better self image and better physically)

19
Q

What can urine be tested for?

A 
Glucose
Alcohol
Drugs
Anabolic steroids
hCG
20
Q

How is a pregnancy test carried out?

A
  • blue beads attached to antibodies
  • human chroinic gonadotrophin (hCG) bind to antibody if present
  • Antibodies move along a strip
  • Antibodies with hCG will go to an area with fixed antibodies where it will bind to form a blue line
  • Antibodies without will bind to a different line to show test worked
21
Q

How is test for anabolic steroids in urine done?

A

Using Gas Chromatography

22
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Control of water and salt levels in the body

23
Q

How does Antidiuretic Hormone work?

A
  • ADH bind to receptor on cell
  • controlled reactions occur to form vesicles with aquaporins (channel protein for water)
  • vesicle merge with cell membrane next to collecting duct
  • cell more permeable to water
24
Q

What are the three layers that make up the kidney?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis

25
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Filtration of the blood at a molecular level.

26
Q

What substances is filtered out of blood by kidneys

A 
Water
Amino Acids
Glucose
Urea
inorganic Ions
27
Q

What’s left in capillaries after ultrafiltration?

A

Blood cells

Large Proteins

28
Q

What creates pressure in glomerulus?

A

Difference in lumen size between larger Afferent arteole compared to smaller lumen of Efferent arteole

29
Q

Direction of substances movement in the kidney system

A

Afferent - Glomerulus - Bowman’s Capsule - Efferent - Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop if Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct

30
Q

Difference between proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

Proximal inner walls have cell with microvilli

31
Q

Kidney adaptations for Ultrafiltration

A
  • Narrow gaps between cells in capillary endothelium
  • Basement membrane prevent large molecules from getting through
  • Podocytes with Major processes holds cells away from endothelium of capillary to maintain space between for fluids to go through.
32
Q

function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorbs Glucose and Amino Acids

33
Q

What is the mechanism for reabsorbtion in PCT

A
  • Na+ actively pumped to blood vessel
  • Na+ conc decrease
  • Na+ with Glucose and amino acids from PCT diffuse into cell via Cotransport proteins
  • Water potential decrease
  • Water move in
  • glucose and amino acid diffuse into blood
34
Q

Adaptations for cells lining PCT

A
  • highly folded cell membranes (next to lumen and blood vessel)
  • contransport proteins
  • lots of mitochondria
35
Q

Mechanism in the loop of henle

A
  • Na+ and Cl- ions actively pumped out of ascending limb
  • WP of medulla decreases
  • water move out of descending limb
  • Na+ and Cl- move into descending limb
  • bottom of loop of henle is permeable to ions
  • ions move out WP decrease
  • water move out of collecting duct
36
Q

What is the water potential in the medulla and why

A
  • Low
  • ions are actively pumped out of ascending limb
  • ions diffuse into meddula at the bottom of ascending limb
37
Q

How is the water potential in renal medulla decreased?

A

The bottom of the ascending limb is permeable to Ions, so moves out into medulla.
Na+ and Cl- pumped out of ascending limb

38
Q

Why does the medulla need a low water potential?

A

To reabsorb more water.

39
Q

What happens to the loop of Henle when a species of animal have low water accessibility? And why?

A 
Longer loop of Henle.
	- longer loop = longer ascending limb
	= more ions pumped out
	=medulla water potential is much lower
	=more water reabsorbed
40
Q

What is haemodiialysis?

A

Blood passed through machine with dialysis fluid via a tube using countercurrent flow. Wastes move out of blood to dialysis fluid.

41
Q

Disadvantages of haemodialysis

A

Have regular visits to hospital

May take a while

42
Q

What is Peritoneal dialysis?

A

Tube implanted into abdomen
Dialysis fluid fills the Peritoneum cavity ( the space outside of the organs in the stomach inside the peritoneum)
Exchange occur between dialysis fluid.

43
Q

Disadvantages of Peritoneal dialysis

A

Equilibrium can be reached so need to be replaced often

But can be done at work or at home so more portable, less regular visits.

44
Q

What hormone is detected for pregnancy tests?

A

hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin

Biology (11 decks)

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