Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life Sciences > Responding to the environment: Humans > Flashcards

Responding to the environment: Humans Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pupillary reflex do?

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

An irregular curvature of the CORNEA or LENS of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the retina?

A

inner layer of the eye

contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do organisms respond to stimuli in the environment allowing us to survive?

A

in a series of events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do sesory recpeptors respond to simuli?

A

They initiate the transmission of nerve impulses via the sensory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are nerotransmitters released from?

A

Vesicles in the pre-synaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a damaged spinal cord result in?

A

paralysis (immediate loss of the ability to move)

loss of feeling below the fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between the two neurons over which an impulse is transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The brain is the ___ of the spinal cord

A

large anterior end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Expliain, in detail, the process of how one hears sound

A
  1. pinna collects sound waves
  2. passed down auditory canal
  3. cause eardrum to vibrate
  4. cause the hammer anvil and stiuup to vibrate (amplifying vibrations)
  5. pass from stirrup through oval window
  6. pass into the inner ear (cochlea)
  7. create waves in the fluid within the inner ear
  8. waves stimulate hair cells of organ of Corti
  9. stimulus converted into a nerve impulse
  10. impulses transmit along auditory nerve to cerebrun
  11. cerebrum interprets nerve impulses as sound
  12. waves travel out round window into eustachian tube (which eases pressure in cochlea)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the leading cause of visual lloss amoung adults aged 55 years and older?

A

cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of matter makes up the outer layer of the spinal cord?

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

Actions that the body has no voluntary control over.

This includes sneezing an blinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neuron?

A

One branch which acts as a dendrite and another branch that acts as an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the middle ear filled with?

A

air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can the ANS be divided into?

A

The symapathetic nervous system

AND

the parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most important function of the PNS?

A

Reflex actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

thin transparent membrane lining cornea and eyelids

protects the front of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cornea?

A

round

transparent

allows light into the eye

refracts light rays so they focus on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the 5 stages of a reflex arc

A
  1. The receptor detects stimulus and generates a nerve impulse
  2. The sensory neuron conducts impulses from receptor to CNS
  3. The connector neuron conducts impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron
  4. The motor neuron conducts impulses from CNS to effector
  5. The effector brings about an action in response to the stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can motor neurons also be called?

A

Efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If you are short-sighted, is light focused in front of or behind of the retina?

A

In front of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the eye in dim light?

A

circular muscle relaxes

pupil dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the optic nerve

A

Sends electrical impulses from the rods and cones of the retina to the cerebrum

Here, interpretation of the image will take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are axons often immediately surrounded by?

A

A fatty myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a connector neuron?

A

A neuron that uccurs between sensory and motor neurons in the CNS.

Connector neurons are found in reflex arcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system increase or decrease blood pressure?

A

decreases blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why does the myelin sheath break down when someone has MS (multiple sclerosis)?

A

The body’s immune system attacks the meylin sheath, causing it to break down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are impulses conducted across a synapse?

A
  1. Nerve impulses travel along axon to synaptic knob
  2. Vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransmitter becomes attached to membrane of adjacent dendrite
  4. neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes atttached to post-synaptic membrane
  5. neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the yellow spot?

A

area in the centre of the retina at the back of the eyeball

filled with cone cells (colour vision)

sharpest and most detailed image forms here

rod cells (black & white vision) found around the sides of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many nerves does the PNS contain?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the part of the spinal cord with a bulge called?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is a grommet placed?

A

into an opening in the eardrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does a grommet do?

A

drains fluid from the middle ear

helps to keep air pressure in the middle ear equal to the air pressure in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the aqueous humous?

A

It enables the front of the eye to keep its bulging shape

separates the cornea from the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the pinna do?

A

directs sound waves towards the eardrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the meninges located?

A

Inside the skull

AND

Inside the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What kind of matter mainly makes up the inner layer of the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

(in a H shape)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a grommet?

A

A small metal or plastic tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the pre-synaptic neuron (axon) filled with?

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the auditory canal do?

A

produces wax (cerumen)

transmits sound waves to eardrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What would not be maintained without coordinated responses?

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What part of the body does Alzheimer’s disease affect?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

a transparent, jelly-like substance

  • keeps the eyeball spherical in shape.
  • plays a role in the distribution of gases and nutrients around eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What does the auditory nerve do?

A

passes information from the cochelea to the brain

The brain interprets the nerve impulses as sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do the ciliary body and ciliary muscles do when using far vision?

What happens to the suspensory ligaments?

A

Ciliary body and ciliary muscles contract

suspensory ligaments become taut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How can doctors regenerate damagted nerve tissue in the CNS?

A

There is no way of regenerating damaged nerve tissue in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is short-sightedness?

A

a person can see close objects well

objects that are far away appear blurry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What effect does dagga have on the CNS?

A

Acts on receptors on neurons in brain areas that are involved in:

  • memory
  • cencentration
  • perception
  • movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How are middle ear infections treated?

A

antibiotics

surgical insertion of grommets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does connective tissue surround (in terms of nerves)?

A

Each nerve fibre (with its mylin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are three functions of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. control breathing and heartrate
  2. nerves between spinal cord and brain cross over here
  3. impulses cross over from one side of the brain to the other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do the nerves of the PNS do?

A

Carry nerve impulses to and from the CNS

i.e. carry nerve impulses from the CNS to sites of action (effectors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which are the ONLY arteries that are dilated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does a middle ear infection result in?

A

the swelling of the lining of the middle ear

pressure on the eardrum (which can burst it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Brings the body back to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the spinal cord enclosed and protected by?

A

the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the pupil?

A

the black hole in the centre of iris

light passes through here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are cone cells?

A

Cells located in the yellow spot (on the retina) which enable one to see colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do the outer layers of the brain consist of?

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How do scientists hope to treat spinal cord injuries?

A

By introducing sterm cells into the damaged area.

The stem cells will then form new neurons, replacing the damaged neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

nerve pathways that bring about reflex actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the most common visual defect?

A

Astigmatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How are the lenses shaped when using near vision?

A

shorter

rounder (more biconvex)

refract (bend) light more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How many dendrites may a neuron have?

A

several

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What increases with age? Long-sightedness or short-sightedness?

A

long-sightedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does an axon do?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What uses rapid reactions to control the body’s response to external and internal stimuli?

A

The nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is a pre-synaptic vs. a post-synaptic neuron?

A

Pre-synaptic neuron - where nerve impulses are coming from

Post-synaptic neuron - where nerve impulses are going to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What type of nerve process do sensory nerves mostly contain?

A

Sensory nerves contain mostly long dendrites of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What important role do the utriculus and sacculus play?

A

position of head in speace

whether you are upside down or not

muscle control (of legs, body and neck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What does the nervous system use in order to function?

A

Electical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What type of lens is used to correct short-sightedness?

A

A concave lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They carry impulses from the CNS to an effector organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) regulated by?

A

The hypothalamus

AND

The medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What do drugs do to people?

A

They alter the way nerve impulses are transmitted, mainly by affecting the secretion and activity of neurotransmitters.

This results in changes in how a person:

  • feels
  • thinks
  • behaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

How does our body protect us from potentially harmful threats?

A

By responding to external stimuli in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system speed up or slow down peristalsis (which happens in the alimentary canal)?

A

Slows down peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system dilate arteries or constric arteries?

A

dilates arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What other organ has a similar function to the utriculus?

A

the sacculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the ciliary body and ciliary muscle?

A

Part of the choroid layer attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments

Ciliary body, Ciliary muscle and Suspensory ligaments work together to change the shape of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

How can cataracts be treated?

A

By surgical lens replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Label a motor neuron and a sensory neuron

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Receptors that detect a variety of stimuli from both the external and internal environment of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What do the semicircular canals do?

A

They are involved in maintaining balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What do sense organs contain?

A

specific receptors that respond to external stimuli

Eg: light and sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What two main functions does the ear have?

A

hearing

equilibrium and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Where are nerve impulses carried?

A

To and from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is accomodation?

A

The ability of the lenses of the eye to change shape when viewing near or distant objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are rod cells?

A

Cells found on the retina of the eye which enables one to see black and white images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What do nerves carry?

A

nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the part where nerves travel in and out of the spinal cord called?

A

Spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What kind of infections do middle ear infections often start with?

A

infections that cause:

  • sore throats
  • colds
  • other respiratory or breathing problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What does a synapse consist of?

A

The gap and the membranes of the two neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is long-sightedness?

A

a person can see far objects well

objects that are near appear blurry

98
Q

How is the neurotransmitter broken down once it reaches the post-synaptic membrane?

A

With the help of enzymes

99
Q

How does the nervous system work?

A

It sends impulses along nerves to activate muscles or glands

100
Q

What are the semicircular canals filled with?

A

endolymph fluid

101
Q

What gives axons a white appearance?

A

The fatty composition of myelin

102
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland that responds to the nerve impulse sent by the sensory nerves

Effectors can also be called sites of action

103
Q

What does grey matter consist of (in nerves)?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

104
Q

What can also be enclosed in the connective wrappings of a nerve?

A

Blood vessels

105
Q

What effects does ecstasy have on the drug user?

A

increased awareness

feelings of pleasure

increased energy levels

headaches

chills

eye twitching

jaw clenching

clurred vision

nausea

dehydration

hyperthermia

seizures

106
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in your body

107
Q

What is ear wax called? What does it do?

A

It is called cerumen

traps dirt

prevents drying out

108
Q

Can astigmatism worsen over time?

A

Yes. However, usually is remains stable throughout life.

109
Q

What do the ciliary body and ciliary muscles do when using far vision?

What happens to the suspensory ligaments?

A

The ciliary body and ciliary muscles contract

suspensory ligaments become slack

110
Q

What carry impulses across a synapse?

A

neurotransmitters

111
Q

What is considered to be far or distant vision?

A

anything that is more than six metres from the eye

112
Q

What happens when circular muscles of the iris when they contract?

A

The iris gets BIGGER

113
Q

What does the round window do?

A

passes vibrations from the inner ear back to the middle ear

This prevents echoing

114
Q

Is there a cure for MS?

A

No, but doctors can prescribe drugs to reduce the symptoms

115
Q

How do other infections spread to the middle ear?

A

via the eustachian tube

116
Q

What are the ampullae and what do they do?

A

Swellings at the base of the semicircular canals

contain sensory cells called cristae (concerned with balance)

117
Q

Where are the nerves of the PNS located?

A

Outside the CNS

118
Q

Where does the word binocular come from?

A

Latin roots:

  • bini* = double
  • oculus* = eye
119
Q

What gives the grey matter (in nerves) its colour?

A

The cytoplasm of the cell bodies

120
Q

The ear is located ___ within the skull

A
121
Q

What structures do the ampullae contain?

A

jelly-like structures called cristae

122
Q

What is a (cross section) of a spinal cord called?

A

A transverse section

123
Q

In what age category are middle ear infections common?

A

in young children

124
Q

Explain, in detail, how equilibrium and balance is maintained in the human body

A
  1. semicircular canals (right angles) are filled with endolymph
  2. each canal has a swelling called an ampulla
  3. ampullae contain jelly-like structures tootached to sensory hairs (called cristae)
  4. As the head moves, fluid in semicircular canals moves, sitmulting the cristae
  5. cristae send impulses via the vestibular nerve to cerebellum
  6. brain responds by coordinating body movements
  7. other sensory structures (maculae) in sacculus and utriculus provide info to brain regarding position of head relative to gravity
  8. eyes also assist in balance
125
Q

What is the utriculus filled with?

A

endolymph

126
Q

What involves several parts of the body and requires the body to work as a complete unit?

A

Response to the environment

127
Q

What acts as protection for the ear?

A

The fact that the ear is located internally within the skull

128
Q

How many dendrites do motor neurons have?

A

many

129
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The ANS is under the control of will

A

False

130
Q

What are two different kinds of nerve processes?

A
  • dendrites
  • axons
131
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The area where the optic nerve passes through the retina

has no light-sensitive cells

132
Q

What is the mechamism that we use to communicate with the environment?

A

Taking in the stimulus and giving a quick response

This allows us to survive

133
Q

What can enable some people with brain and spinal injuries to regain some feeling and function?

A

ongoing and long-term physical, occupational and speech therapy

134
Q

What is the most common cause of brain and spinal cord injuries?

A

motor vehicle accidents

135
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system?

A

To detect and react to changes in our environment

136
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

carry impulses from a receptor to the CNS

137
Q

What does a burst eardrum lead to?

A

hearing loss

138
Q

What effect does tik have on the CNS?

A

stimulant of the CNS and sympathetic nervous system

release of dopamine

blocks dopamine reuptake

inhibits storage of dopamine in cesicles

neurons are over-stimulated

139
Q

What happens when the ciliary body and ciliary muscles contract?

A

The ciliary body and ciliary muscles become BIGGER

140
Q

What effect does heroin have on the drug user?

A

Alters chemical balance in brain (causing user to want more)

Overdose results in respiratory failure

141
Q

What do the inner layers of the brain consist mainly of?

A

White matter

142
Q

What must happen in order for vision to occur?

A

Light rays must enter the eyes

AND

become focused on the retina

143
Q

What is the cause of Alzheimers disease?

A

nobody knows

144
Q

What are the tops and bottoms of the butterfly-shaped grey matter inside the spinal cord called?

A

Dorsal horn

OR

Ventral horn

145
Q

What does the typmpanic membrane do?

A

it is a thin membrane

vibrates and transmits the sound waves to the middle ear

146
Q

How long does a grommet stay in the eardrum for?

A

6 to 12 months

it usually falls out on its own

147
Q

What are spaces in the brain filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

148
Q

What kind of vision do humans have?

A

binocular vision

149
Q

What does a fluid build up in the middle ear cause?

A

pressure and pain

150
Q

How can astigmatism be corrected?

A

prescription glasses

contact lenses

refractive laser surgery

151
Q

What is present in the pre-synaptic neuron, besides vesicles and neurotransmitters near the synaptic cleft?

A

mitochondria to supply energy

152
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system open or constrict air passages?

A

Opens air passages

153
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

Brings impulses into the cell body

154
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system dilate or constrics pupils?

A

constrics pupils

155
Q

What is the sclera?

A

protective layer

helps to keep rounded shape of eyeball

tough layer to which eye muscles are attached

156
Q

What effect does heroin have on the CNS?

A

Stimulates a pleasure system as a result of the release of the neurotransmitter, dopamine:

  • feeling of well-being
  • lack of pain
  • drowsiness

Affects medulla oblongata:

  • breathing
  • other reflexes
157
Q

What happens to the eye in bright light?

A

Circular muscle contracts

Pupil becomes smaller

158
Q

Does astigmatism accompancy long-sightedness or short-sightedness?

A

either

159
Q

What type of lens is used to correct long-sightedness?

A

A convex lens

160
Q

What, besides an inner ear, is also present in mammals?

A

an outer ear

161
Q

What is the sacculus filled with?

A

endolymph

162
Q

How many axons may a neuron have?

A

Only one

163
Q

What happens when the suspensory ligaments are slack?

A

The lens become more convex

164
Q

What are two functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Coordinates movement
  2. maintains balance
165
Q

What is the “natural” shape of the eye’s lenses?

A

Flat

As if you are looking at an object far away

166
Q

To react to stimuli in the environment, a message is sent via the ___ to an ___.

A

CNS

effector

167
Q

What can brain injury affect?

A

movement

memory

speech

mental handicap

coma (in severe cases)

168
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

169
Q

What are nerves made of?

A

nervous tissue

(which, in turn, is made up of cells called neurons)

170
Q

What do the scars (as a result of MS) result in?

A

The interference with the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord

171
Q

Give some examples of things that are maintained by homeostasis in the human body

A

water and salt balance of body fluids

oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

glucose content in the blood

body temperature

172
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A

They may be mild:

  • numbness in the limbs

OR

They may be severe:

  • paralysis
  • loss of vision
173
Q

Senses recieve ___ from the environment such as the sound of a friend’s voice

A

information

174
Q

Simply put, what is a middle ear infection?

A

an infection in the middle ear

175
Q

Is astigmatism a lifelong condition?

A

Yes

176
Q

What are the human eyes protected by?

A

The bony sockets of the skull (called orbits)

177
Q

What does a bundle of nerve fibres consist of?

A

axons and dendrites

178
Q

What is the eardrum also called?

A

the tympanic membrane

179
Q

What is the lens?

A

transparent

biconvex

light passes through it

bent to focus on the retina

lens changes shape in order to focus images (light) on the retina

180
Q

What does the eustachian tube do?

A

links the middle ear to nose and throat

equalises air pressure in the middle ear with air pressure on the outside

181
Q

What does a person with an advanced stage of Alzheimer’s disease need?

A

Help in all aspects of life

Eg:

  • Bathing
  • Eating
  • Using the toilet
182
Q

What does are two functions of the spinal cord?

A

pathway for nerve impulses (travelling to and from the brain and peripheral organs)

involved in reflex actions

183
Q

What is the pupillary reflex controlled by?

A

The ANS

184
Q

Why can’t the build up of fluids caused by a middle ear infection escape the middle ear?

A

the eustacian tube gets blocked due to inflammatin

fluids cannot drain as they normally would

185
Q

What is the middle (circle) of the spinal cord called?

A

central canal

186
Q

Is Alzheimer’s disease a normal part of ageing?

A

No

187
Q

Do two neurons ever touch when nerve impulses pass from one neuron to another?

A

No, two neurons never touch

188
Q

Does the sympathtic nervous system accelerate the heart rate or slow down the heart?

A

accelerates heart rate

189
Q

What prepares the body for an emergency?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

190
Q

What is a coordinated response?

A

The process of [a series of events] working in harmony [in order to respond to the environment]

191
Q

What are the effects of tik on the drug user?

A

Short-term effects:

  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood pressure
  • reduced appetite
  • dilation of pupils
  • feelings of happiness and power
  • reduced fatigue

Long-term effects

  • insomnia
  • paranoid psychosis
  • hallucinations
  • violent and aggressive behaviour
  • significant weight loss
  • termors
192
Q

What does the oval window do?

A

passes sound virations from the stirrup to the inner ear

193
Q

What do neurons consist of?

A

a cell body and one or more nerve processes

194
Q

Does the parasympathetic nervous system constrict or relax the bladder walll?

A

contracts the bladder wall

195
Q

What type of nerve processes do motor nerves mostly contain?

A

Mostly long axons of motor neurons

196
Q

What is dementia? Which disease is it associated with?

A

Dementia is the progressive loss of intellectual abilities

Dementia is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

197
Q

Is there a cure for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

No. It is irreversable

198
Q

How do cataracts affect vision?

A

By clouding the eye’s lens which scatters the incoming light

199
Q

What detects a stimulus?

A

A sense receptor

200
Q

What is a slower control process that the body uses to respond to the environment?

A

The endocrine system

201
Q

Which 3 regions does the ear consist of?

A

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear

202
Q

What type of structures are found in both the sacculus and utriuculus?

A

maculae (singular macula)

203
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

coiled tube

filled with endolymph

contanins organs of Corti (converts sound waves into nerve impulses)

204
Q

What can hearing defects cause?

A

a distortion of sound

varying degrees of deafness

205
Q

What is the inner ear filled with?

A

perilymph fluid and endolymph fluid

206
Q

What is reflection of light inside the eye called?

A

internal reflection

207
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. gradual memory loss
  2. difficulties with language
  3. difficulties with emotions
208
Q

What is the outer ear filled with?

A

air

209
Q

Where do impulses travel in a reflex arc?

A

From a receptor to an effector

210
Q

What is the central canal filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

211
Q

What are three functions of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Perception of senses
  2. Origin of voluntry movements
  3. Higher mental activities (memory, thought, judgement)
212
Q

What can sensory neurons also be called?

A

Afferent neurons

213
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system increase or decrease secretion of sweat?

A

Increases secretion of sweat

214
Q

How are the lenses shaped with looking at far or distant vision?

A

Longer

flatter (less biconvex)

retracting power of lens is less

215
Q

What is the advantage of binocular vision?

A

It gives a wider field of view

Perception of depth

216
Q

Explain the sequence of events involved in the formation of an image

A
  1. light enters the eye through the cornea
  2. light passes through the aqueous humour
  3. light passes through the lend
  4. cornea and lens bend (refract) the light
  5. Inverted (upside down) image forms on yellow spot on retina
  6. rod and cone cells initiate nerve impulse
  7. Impulse travels along optic nerve to brain
217
Q

What effect does ecstacy have on the CNS?

A

releases the neurotransmitter, serotonin

neuron damage

permanently alter emotions and memory

218
Q

What effects does dagga have on the drug user?

A

reduced coordination

reduced blood pressure

sleepiness

relaxed feeling

disrupted attention

altered sense of time and space

hallucinations

delusions

loss of memory

disorientation

219
Q

What does the endocrine system use in order to coordinate essential processes?

A

chemical messengers

220
Q

Living things need a ___ to coordinate essential processses within the body.

A

control system

221
Q

What does white matter consist of (in nerves)?

A

Axons, many of which are surrounded by a myelin sheath

222
Q

What causes scars on the nervous tissue due to the breakdown of the fatty myelin sheath that covers the neurons?

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

223
Q

What is the purpose of reflexes?

A
  1. enable the body to respond quickly to a stimulus
  2. provide safety mechanisms to protect the body from injury
224
Q

What can chemical messengers also be called?

A

hormones

225
Q

What is the choroid?

A

thin membrane containing many blood vessels to nourish the eye

contains dark pigment called melanin to stop reflection of light inside the eye

226
Q

If you are long-sighted, is light focused in front of or behind the retina?

A

behind the retina

227
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments?

A

fibres around the lens that hold the lens in place and assist with changing the shape of the lens for focusing

228
Q

What is the iris?

A

the coloured part of the eye

has a circular opening in its centre (pupil)

muscles in iris control the size of the pupil

229
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

the gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron

230
Q

What is the brain surrounded and protected by?

A

three membranes

These membranes are called MENINGES

231
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

a reflex arc

232
Q

What is the vestibular nerve and what does it do?

A

passes information from the semicircular canals, sacculus and utriculus to brain

concerns itself with balance and equilibrium

233
Q

What is the brain enclosed and protected by?

A

The bones of the cranium

234
Q

Is the ANS part of the CNS or the PNS?

A

The ANS is part of the PNS

235
Q

Name the ear ossicles of order from outside in

A

hammer

anvil

stirrup

236
Q

What could an effector be?

A

A muscle or gland

237
Q

The ___ and ___ enable animals to respond to external changes and to control changes inside their bodies

A

nervous and endocrine systems

238
Q

What are visual defects?

A

Conditions of the eye that negatively affect vision

239
Q

What does the utriculus do?

A

contains maculae (with sensory cells)

concerned with position of head in space

240
Q

What does the sacculus do?

A

contains sensory cells concerned with position of the head in space

241
Q

How do our bodies respond to the environment?

A

In a variety of ways

Eh) turning towards your friend to listen

Life Sciences (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions