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Life Sciences > Reproduction in vertebrates > Flashcards

Reproduction in vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Define reproduction

A

the process of producing a new generation of organisms from an existing generation

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2
Q

How do all vertebrates reproduce?

A

sexually

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3
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

The production of gametes in male and female parents

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4
Q

What forms when a gamete from each parent fuses?

A

A zygote

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5
Q

In order for two gametes to produce a single organism what needs to happen?

A

the gametes must be brought into contact with each other
developing embryo must be fed and protected
the young must survive young enough to reach sexual maturity

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6
Q

What do different organisms use various strategies to do?

A

To bring gametes into contact
To feed developing embryo
To protect developing embryo
To ensure the young survive long enough to reach sexual maturity

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7
Q

What do vertebrate groups carry out in different ways to ensure that it will be successful?

A

sexual reproduction

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8
Q

What are the different stages of sexual reproduction?

A

fertilisation
development of zygote
development of young after birth/hatching
level (or absence of) parental care

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9
Q

What are the possible names of an unborn baby/egg?

A

zygote
blastocyst
embryo
foetus

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10
Q

Define reproductive strategies

A

the way in which each animal species ensures that each stage is completed successfully

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11
Q

What are different adaptations that different reproductive strategies can come about from?

A

structural adaptations
functional adaptations
behavioural adaptations

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12
Q

What can improve the chances of fertilisation (or survival of the offspring)?

A

adaptations which ensure that reproductive strategies are completed successfully.

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13
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

the nucleus of a sperm cells enters the egg cell and fuses with the nucleus of the ovum

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14
Q

Which part of the sperm cell enters the egg cell?

A

the nucleus of a sperm cell enters the egg cell

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15
Q

What does motile mean?

A

able to actively move

Sperm are motile; ova are non-motile

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16
Q

What two things are essential for a sperm cell to successfully fertilise an egg cell?

A

the sperm must be protected from drying out

the sperm must be guided to the ova

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17
Q

Is fertilisation external or internal?

A

It can be both

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18
Q

Where does external fertilisation occur most frequently?

A

In most animals that breed in water

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19
Q

How do animals in water undergo external fertilisation?

A

Fish and amphibians release eggs and sperm into the water and fertilisation occurs outside the body of the female

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20
Q

What are some disadvantages of external fertilisation?

A

animals are dependent on water
large amounts of sperm and eggs required
many gametes will be eaten by predators
unstable environmental factors (temp, PH, currents)

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21
Q

What are some advantages of external fertilisation?

A

no need for parental care (reduces energy input from parents)
young are widely dispersed by currents (reduces competition)

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22
Q

Where do offspring that undergo external fertilisation obtain food from?

A

They obtain food from the environment.

This reduces energy input from parents to offspring

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23
Q

Where does internal fertilisation occur mainly?

A

in terrestrial organisms (mammals, birds, reptiles and some invertebrates)

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24
Q

What is an adaptation to living on land?

A

internal fertilisation

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25
Q

Where is the ovum fertilised in internal fertilisation?

A

inside the body of the female

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26
Q

Do animals that lay eggs that hatch undergo internal or external fertilisation?

A

internal fertilisation (the actual process of fertilisation takes place inside the female’s body)

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27
Q

What are some disadvantages of internal fertilisation?

A

there must be co-operation between the male and female so that the sperm can be placed inside the body of the female

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28
Q

What are some advantages of internal fertilisation?

A

not dependent on water
fewer gametes are produced
protection inside the body (drying out & predators)
gametes meet in a contained environment (greater chance of fertilisation)

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29
Q

Must organisms that have internal fertilisation be fed as they develops and grows?

A

yes

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30
Q

What are three strategies of internal fertilisation?

A

ovipary - animals lay eggs
ovovivipary - hatch in the body (or not long after being layed)
vivipary - give birth to live young

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31
Q

Do oviparous animals undergo internal or external fertilisation?

A

oviparous undergo internal and external fertilisation

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32
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

eggs are laid outside a female’s body

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33
Q

What are eggs protected by in frogs?

A

a gelatinous mass

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34
Q

What are eggs protected by in reptiles?

A

a leathery shell

35
Q

What are eggs protected by in birds?

A

hard, brittle calcareous shell

36
Q

Are protective membranes present in eggs?

A

Yes

37
Q

In oviparous animals, does the development of the embryo occur inside or outside the female’s body?

A

outside the females body

38
Q

Where does an embryo get its food from in a oviparous animal?

A

from the egg yolk

39
Q

What does ovoviviparous mean?

A

the eggs are kept inside the female’s body

40
Q

How is the embryo protected in ovoviviparous animals?

A

By a soft shell inside the female’s body

Protective membranes are present

41
Q

Where does the development of the embryo take place in ovoviviparous animals, inside of or outside of the female’s body?

A

Inside the females body

42
Q

Where does the development of the embryo take place in viviparous animals, inside of or outside of the female’s body?

A

in the uterus (obviously inside the body)

43
Q

Where does the embryo get its food from in ovoviviparous animals?

A

From the egg yolk and not from the mother

44
Q

What kind of fertilisation takes place with viviparous animals?

A

internal fertilisation

45
Q

How is the ova protected inside the females body (in a viviparous situation)?

A

protected by being inside body
follicle cells
membranes
uterus

46
Q

How does the embryo of a viviparous animal get its food? Explain in as much detail as possible.

A

The embryo embeds in the uterine wall

gets food from mother via placenta and umbilical cord

47
Q

What temperature is required for the young of an oviparous animal?

A

environmental temperature

48
Q

Do offspring have much parental care with oviparous animals?

A

No

Birds are the only exception

49
Q

What are some examples of oviparous animals?

A 
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
a few mammals
50
Q

What temperature are eggs/embryos kept at in the development of young ovoviviparous animals?

A

at a constant ideal temperature

51
Q

Do ovoviviparous animals require parental care?

A

Sometimes

52
Q

What are some examples of ovoviviparous animals?

A

some amphibians
some reptiles
some fish

53
Q

What does gestation mean?

A

pregnancy

54
Q

What temperature does the foetus of a viviparous animal need to be kept at?

A

At incubation temperature regulated by the mother

55
Q

Do the offspring of viviparous animals require parental care?

A

Yes

suckle from mother for food

56
Q

What are some examples of viviparous animals?

A

mammals only

57
Q

What is an egg that can survive and develop on land called?

A

An amniotic egg

58
Q

In what part of the amniotic egg does the embryo develop?

A

the amnion

59
Q

What kind of shell does an amniotic egg have?

A

A calcium based shell
OR
A leathery shell

60
Q

What is the advantage to amniotic egg?

A

They are resistant to drying out

61
Q

What enables the embryo to survive out of water, in an amniotic egg?

A

The strong outer shell

62
Q

What is an important factor to allowing reptiles to live and reproduce on land?

A

The amniotic egg

63
Q

The amniotic egg contains a number of ___ that perform functions that are vital to the development and survival of the embryo

A

membranes

64
Q

What provides the embryo with food in the amniotic egg?

A

The yolk sac

65
Q

What does the amnion do?

A

contains amniotic fluid:
protects developing embryo
supports developing embryo

66
Q

What is another name for the amnion?

A

The amniotic sac

67
Q

What is the allantois?

A

A bag that collects the waste products from the embryo

68
Q

Where does the chorion grow?

A

around the amnion, yolk and allantois

69
Q

What does the chorion allow?

A

gaseous exchange

70
Q

What do blood vessels connect in the amniotic egg?

A

embryo, yolk and allantois

71
Q

What do blood vessels in the amniotic egg form?

A

a structure called the umbilical

72
Q

What acts as a shock absorber in the amniotic egg?

A

The air space

73
Q

What gives the amniotic egg protection?

A

The shell

74
Q

What two things allow gaseous exchange in an amniotic egg?

A

shell and chorion

75
Q

What is albumin?

A

The main protein that occurs in the white of an egg

76
Q

What two things in an amniotic egg provide the embryo with food?

A

the yolk and albumin

77
Q

When does an egg hatch or when is a foetus born?

A

Once is has reached a specific level of development

78
Q

What are some examples of animals that can move around and feed themselves soon after hatching?

A

fish
amphibians
reptiles

79
Q

What are some examples of animals that vary in the level of development in the newly-born/hatched young

A

birds

mammals

80
Q

What two levels of development are there for newborn birds and mammals?

A

precocial and altricial

81
Q

What does precocial mea?

A

The pattern of growth and development of species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from shortly after birth or hatching

82
Q

What does altricial mean?

A

The pattern of growth and development of species in which the young are born or hatched helpless. They cannot move around independently shortly after hatching or being born.

83
Q

What are are three characteristics of precocial animals immediately once they are born/hatched?

A

open their eyes
hair/down present
run from predators

84
Q

What are more vulnerable to predators - precocial or altricial animals?

A

altricial animals

Life Sciences (7 decks)

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