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Life Sciences > Human endocrine system > Flashcards

Human endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Chemical coordination

Maintaining healthy functioning of the body and its metabolic activities

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

ductless glands called endocrine glands

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

useful substances called hormones directly into the blood

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4
Q

How is a hormone transported? Also, where is it transported to?

A

carried by the bloodstream to its target tissues or organs

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5
Q

What do hormones do at target tissues or organs?

A

They regulate the metabolic reactions

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6
Q

What do hormones play a role in maintaining?

A

homeostasis (maintaining a constant internal environment)

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7
Q

Give some examples of endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
gonads
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8
Q

Does every endocrine gland produce the same hormones?

A

No

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9
Q

What, in essence, are hormones?

A

chemical messengers

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10
Q

What can over- or under secretion of hormones lead to?

A

A number of disorders

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11
Q

What is hypoactivity?

A

The under-secretion of a hormone

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12
Q

What is hyperactivity?

A

The over-secretion of a hormone

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13
Q

What kind of hormone does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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14
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A 
STH (growth hormone)
TSH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
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15
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Just thyroxin

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16
Q

What does the pancreas use to secrete its hormones?

A

islets of Langerhans

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17
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete through the islets of Langerhans?

A

glucagon

insulin

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18
Q

What hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

adrenalin

aldosterone

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19
Q

What hormones does the ovary secrete?

A

oestrogen

Progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones does the testis secrete?

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

attached to the hypothalamus

in a small bony cavity beneath the brain

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22
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Just above the adrenal gland

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23
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

Right near (almost on) the kidneys

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24
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands that have ducts that carry secretions to specific locations

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25
Q

What does vascular mean?

A

richly supplied with blood vessels

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26
Q

Why is the pancreas unusual?

A

It behaves like an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

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27
Q

The pancreas behaves as an endocrine gland. In what way does it also behave like an exocrine gland?

A

It secretes pancreatic juice through a duct that leads into the digestive system

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28
Q

What is vascular - an endocrine gland or an exocrine gland?

A

An endocrine gland

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29
Q

What is considered to be the ‘master endocrine gland’ (the chemical coordinator of most other endocrine glands)?

A

The pituitary gland

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30
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes the most hormones?

A

The pituitary gland

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31
Q

What does STH (growth hormone) stand for?

A

somatotrophic hormone

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32
Q

What does STH target?

A

The muscles and bones

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33
Q

What is the function of STH?

A

It promotes skeletal and muscular growth

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34
Q

What does hyposecretion of STH result in?

A

dwarfism

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35
Q

What does hypersecretion of STH result in?

A

Children: giantism
Adults: acromegaly

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36
Q

What does TSH (secreted by pituitary gland) target?

A

The thyroid gland

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37
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin

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38
Q

What does FSH (secreted by the pituitary gland) target?

A

The ovaries

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39
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates the development of the follicle

stimulates the ovaries to secrete oestrogen

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40
Q

What does LH target?

A

Ovaries and testes

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41
Q

What is the function of LH in males?

A

stimulates the production of testosterone by testes

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42
Q

What is the function of LH in females?

A

stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum

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43
Q

What does the hormone prolactin (secreted by the pituitary gland) target?

A

The mammary glands

44
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates the production and secretion of breast milk

45
Q

What does the hypothalamus detect?

A

Changes in the solute concentration in the blood

46
Q

What happens if the blood becomes too concentrated?

A

The hypothalamus causes a sensation of thirst and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete ADH

47
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

48
Q

What does ADH target?

A

the kidneys

49
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

helps conserve water in the body by causing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood.

50
Q

What two hormones play an important role in the kidneys?

A

ADH and aldosterone

51
Q

What part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenalin?

A

The adrenal medulla

52
Q

What part of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

53
Q

What is the target organ of aldosterone?

A

Collecting ducts of the kidneys

54
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

It controls the concentration of sodium in the blood

55
Q

What function does adrenalin have?

A

It prepares the body for action to cope with an emergency

56
Q

What are EIGHT effects of adrenalin on the body?

A 
blood pressure increases (blood vessels constrict)
blood sugar levels increase (glycogen converted to glucose)
oxygen content increases
heart rate increases
pupils dilate
sweating increases
skeletal muscle tone is increased
reduction of digestive system activity
57
Q

Why does blood pressure increase (due to the blood vessels constricting) due to the secretion of adrenalin?

A

More blood can flow to skeletal and cardiac muscles where it is needed

58
Q

Why do blood sugar levels increase (by glycogen in liver being converted into glucose) when adrenalin is secreted?

A

Glucose is required for cellular respiration, which results in more energy being produced

59
Q

Why does oxygen levels increase when adrenalin is secreted?

A

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration which will result in more energy being produced

60
Q

Why does heart rate increase when adrenalin is secreted?

A

Blood which transports glucose and oxygen reaches the muscles
This increases cellular respiration which increases energy

61
Q

Why do the pupils dilate when adrenalin is secreted by the adrenal gland?

A

The body has better vision in times of danger

62
Q

Why does the body sweat when adrenalin in released by the body?

A

Overheating is prevented

63
Q

Why does skeletal muscle tone increased when adrenalin is secreted?

A

muscles can respond quickly

64
Q

why is there a reduction in digestive system activity when adrenalin is secreted?

A

In an emergency, the digestive process is a waste of valuable energy

65
Q

What are the gonads

A

the reproductive organs (testes and ovaries)

66
Q

What do the hormones secreted by the gonads stimulate?

A

secondary sexual characteristics at the start of puberty

67
Q

What if the target organ for oestrogen which is secreted by the ovaries?

A

the whole body, especially the uterus

68
Q

What are some of the functions of oestrogen, which is secreted by the ovaries?

A

development of secondary sex characteristics
rapid increase in growth
stimulates rebuilding of endometrium

69
Q

What is the target organ for progesterone?

A

uterus

70
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

It causes the endometrium to:
thicken
become more vascular

In preparation for receiving a fertilised ovum (egg)

71
Q

What is the target organ for testosterone?

A

the whole body

72
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

development of secondary sex characteristics
sex drive
sperm production

73
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

when the glucose lever in the blood is too low

74
Q

Within the islets of Langerhans (in the pancreas), which cells secrete glucagon and which cells secrete insulin?

A

alpha cells: glucagon

beta cells: insulin

75
Q

What two hormones function together to control blood sugar levels in the blood?

A

glucagon and insulin

76
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

When the glucose level in the blood is too high

77
Q

What organ does glucagon target?

A

The liver

78
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose

79
Q

What does insulin target?

A

The liver and muscle cells

80
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen and therefore lowers blood glucose levels

81
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and glucagon?

A

Glucagon: A hormone; raises blood sugar
Glycogen: A stored form of glucose

82
Q

What happens when the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are unable to produce enough insulin?

A

The body is unable to control the level of glucose in blood

Type 1 diabetes

83
Q

What are symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A

tiredness
constant thirst
large quantities of urine
weight loss

84
Q

How do type 1 diabetics control the level of glucose in their blood?

A

daily insulin injections

Takes the place of insulin that should normally be produced by the body

85
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

on both sides of the trachea, just below the larynx in the front of the neck

86
Q

What is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxin

87
Q

What is the target organ for thyroxin?

A

all body ce3lls, the heart and the nervous system

88
Q

What is the function of thyroxin?

A

increases the basal metabolic rate
involved in normal functioning of heart (heart rate & blood pressure)
essential for normal functioning of the nervous system

89
Q

What are some of the symptoms of hyposecretion of thyroxin?

A

stunted physical growth
stunted mental ability
thick tongue

90
Q

What is a deficiency (hyposecretion) of thyroxin in adults called?

A

myxoedema

91
Q

What is a deficiency (hyposecretion) of thyroxin in early childhood brain development called?

A

cretinism

92
Q

What is the hypersecretion of thryroxin known as?

A

goitre

There is only one name for HYPERSECRETION of thyroxin in both adults and children

93
Q

What are some symptoms of hypersecretion (usually resulting in goitre) of thyroxin?

A

swollen thyroid gland and neck
protruding eyes
hyperactivity
increased heart rate

94
Q

How is the level of thyroxin in the body kept constant?

A

By a negative feedback mechanism

95
Q

What is needed in order to make thyroxin?

A

The micro-nutrient, iodine

96
Q

What exists to detect and restore changes or imbalances in the internal environment of the human body?

A

negative feedback mechanisms

97
Q

What happens when an imbalance in the internal environment of the body is detected?

A

a control centre is stimulated
the control centre sends info to an effector (target organ)
The effector responds and causes the levels to return to normal

98
Q

When does the effector stop responding to the message from the control centre?

A

until the detector finds that a certain level is too low/high
the detector then sends a message to the effector to stop its action
the effector then responds

99
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback mechanisms in the human body?

A

regulation of thyroxin
regulation of blood sugar level
regulation of water levels

100
Q

Which two glands are involved in the control of thyroxin levels?

A

the thyroid gland (which releases thyroxin)

the pituitary gland (which releases TSH)

101
Q

What happens when the thyroxin levels decreases below normal levels?

A

the pituitary gland is stimulated to produce TSH

High TSH levels stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete more thyroxin

102
Q

What happens when thyroxin levels increase above normal levels?

A

The pituitary gland is stimulated to produce less TSH

The low TSH levels stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete less thyroxin

103
Q

What happens when glucose levels increase?

A

the beta cells in the pancreas secrete insulin.

glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles

104
Q

What. happens when the glucose levels decrease?

A

The alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon.

glycogen in the liver is converted into glucose

105
Q

What does injected insulin that diabetics take help do?

A

helps to move sugar from the blood into other body tissues there it is used for energy
Also stops the liver from producing more sugar

Life Sciences (7 decks)

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