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Responding to the environment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system used to do?

A

React to stimuli
coordinate various activities of the body

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2
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Carry signals to and from all parts of the body

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3
Q

What are the two main types of neurons?

A

Sensory and motor

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4
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Take impulses to the cell body

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

Takes impulses away from the cell body

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6
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Insulates the axon which increases the speed at which increases the speed at which impulses travel

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7
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

The end of the axon joining to the synapses.

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8
Q

chemicals released from axon terminals , move across the synapse to the dendrites so that the nerve impulse can continue

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Transmits impulses from the sense organs or receptors to the CNS(spinal cord and brain)

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10
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Links the sensory neuron to the motor neuron

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11
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to the effectors being the muscles and glands to bring a response.

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system)

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13
Q

What does the CNS consist of ?

A

Brain and spinal cord which are protected by meninges

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14
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Skull and the meninges ( pia mater , arachnoid mater, dura mater) and cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Protects brain from from shock and injury

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16
Q

What does the brain consist of ?

A

Grey matter (outside) and white matter ( inside)

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17
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Controls voluntary muscular movement
Receives and interprets sensations from sense organs (sight, sound, touch)
Higher thought processes such as emotion, personality, intelligence

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18
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of voluntary muscular movement
Controls tension of muscles to maintain balance

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19
Q

What are the functions of the Medulla oblongata?

A

Transmits impulses between brain and spinal cord
Maintains vital involuntary body functions such as breathing and heartbeat

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20
Q

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

A

Control centre for hunger, thirst, sleep, body temp

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21
Q

What are the functions of the Corpus callosum?

A

Connects left and right hemispheres of brain allowing communication between them

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22
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Vertebrae, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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23
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

It is made up of nerves, more specifically cranial and spinal nerves

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24
Q

What part of the PNS controls involuntary muscles and regulates activity of certain glands ?

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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25
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS

A

sympathetic branch (excitory in effect)
parasympathetic branch (inhibitory in effect)

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26
Q

What occurs in a sympathetic system?

A

Heart rate accelerates
constricts (narrows) arteries
dilates pupils
Slow peristalsis of the gastrointestinal system
Relaxes wall of bladder

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27
Q

What occurs in the parasympathetic system?

A

Slows heart rate
Dilates arteries
Constricts pupils
Accelerates peristalsis of the gastrointestinal system
Contracts wall of bladder

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28
Q

Fast involuntary response of a muscle or gland due to stimulation of a receptor organ

A

Reflex Action

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29
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Neuron pathway from receptor to effector

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30
Q

Purpose of reflex arc

A

bring about a reflex action in order to protect the body

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31
Q

Junction between two neurons in which electrical signals pass

A

Synapses

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32
Q

Explain the process of an impulse getting from one neuron to the other

A

Once an impulse arrives at end of neuron neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the next neuron and trigger an electrical impulse

33
Q

How are synapses significant?

A

They make sure impulses travel in one direction
At the synapse the nerve impulses can be sped up, slowed down or blocked

34
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

A slow developing disease of the brain
Most common form of dementia

Causes : old age, family history, head injury

Symptoms : memory loss, difficulty finding right words and understanding people and carrying out daily tasks, personality and mood changes

35
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Disease that affects the CNS
Myelin sheath breaks down causing scarring affecting the transmission of impulses

Causes: Immune system attacks the myelin sheath, due to genetic, environmental factors or exposure to certain viruses

Symptoms : Visual problems, limb weakness, loss of coordination and balance, muscle spasms, tiredness, numbness, prolonged pain, difficulty with speed , tremors , dizziness, loss of memory, depression

36
Q

How is the eye protected?

A

Eyeballs are located in bony skull sockets
bone, eyelids and eyelashes protect eye from mechanical injury
Glands secrete tears and an oily substance to prevent eyes from drying out
muscles attached to the eyeball keep it in the socket and allow eye to move

37
Q

What is the function of the sclera ?

A

The outer protective layer of the eye which protects the eye against damage.

38
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Dark layer on the inside of the sclera, supplied with blood vessels to nourish the eye. Prevents internal reflection of light

39
Q

What is the function if the Yellow spot?

A

Has the greatest number of cones , offers the clearest image

40
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

carries impulses from retina to brain

41
Q

What is the function of the blindspot?

A

NO rods or cones, therefore no vision at this point

42
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humour?

A

Jelly-like substance giving shape to eye

43
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Transparent elastic part of the eye which focuses light on the retina

44
Q

What is the function of the iris ?

A

Coloured part of the eye which contains circular and radial muscles to increase/decreases size of pupil,

therefore controlling amount of light entering

45
Q

What is the function of the Aqueous humour ?

A

Watery fluid supporting the cornea and front chamber of eye

46
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Open space to allow light into eye

47
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament?

A

Holds the lens in position and attaches ciliary body to lens

48
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Refraction of light in order to create image on retina

49
Q

What is the function of the retina ?

A

Contains light sensitive cells called photoreceptors which change light stimuli into nerve impulses

50
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body ?

A

Muscular body in the eye which contacts/relaxes to change shape of lens for focusing

51
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

very sensitive to light intensity and allow us to see in dim light. Evenly distributed along retina

52
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

For colour vision and only found in the yellow spot

53
Q

Describe binocular vision

A

Human have two eyes at the front of their head
they eye converts light into nerve impulses that the brain interprets
An inverted image is formed at the retina
Image converted by photoreceptors and sent via the optic nerve to the brain
Here the image is interpreted and we see the same image the right way around

54
Q

What is accommodation of the eye?

A

The change of shape of the lens to focus light on the retina to create a sharp image

55
Q

True or False ? Accommodation occurs when an object is closer than 6m

A

True

56
Q

Explain the steps of accommodation in the eye

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Ciliary bodies move closer to the lens
Tension in suspensory ligaments decrease (slackens)
Elastic lens bulges (diameter increase in size)
Incoming light is refracted (bent) onto the yellow spot forming a sharp image on the retina

57
Q

Explain the pupillary mechanism in dim light

A

Radial muscles of the iris contract
Circular muscles relax
Pupil dilates
The amount of light entering the eye is increased

58
Q

Explain the pupillary mechanism in bright light

A

Circular muscles of the iris contract
Radial muscles relax
Pupil constricts
The amount of light entering the eye is reduced

59
Q

What is short sightedness?

A

It is when people cannot see distant objects
The lens bend light rays too much because eyeball is too long
The image is focused before retina
Corrected with concave lens

60
Q

What is long sightedness?

A

When people cannot see nearby objects
Lens doesn’t bend lights rays enough as eyeball is too short
Image is focused behind the retina
Corrected with convex lens

61
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

When curvature of lens or cornea is not in uniform
Parts of image in focus others out of focus
Spectacles or contact lenses can be worn

62
Q

What is cataracts ?

A

Occurs when lens of eye changes from transparent to opaque
Causes blindness by obstructing passage of light
Removed with medical procedures

63
Q

What occurs in the outer ear?

A

External pinnate direct sound waves into external auditory opening
Sound waves travel through external auditory opening
Sound waves travel along external auditory canal
Wax glands traps dirt and prevents desiccation
Passage ends in tympanic membrane

64
Q

What occurs in the middle ear?

A

The opening of Eustachian tube connects ear to pharynx
This equalises pressure on either side of the eardrum
Oval and round window connect middle ear to inner ear
Oval window bears three bony ossicles (hammer, anvil and stirrup)
These bones amplify sound

65
Q

What’s occurs in inner ear ?

A

Enclosed in a bony labyrinth
Filled with fluid called perilymph
3 semi circular canals with a swelling called ampulla at their bases
Ampullae contain fine hairs for balance
Cochlea is spiral shaped
Membranes divide cochlea into 3 canals filled with fluid
Receptors for sound are found on these membranes
Impulses are taken by auditory nerve to cerebrum

66
Q

Function of pinna

A

Traps sound waves and directs them into auditory canal

67
Q

Function of tympanic membranes

A

Vibrates and transmits the vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear

68
Q

Function of the ossicles

A

The ossicles amplify vibrations and carry them via the middle ear to the membrane of the oval window

69
Q

Function of oval window

A

Vibrates and causes pressure waves in the inner ear

70
Q

Function of cochlea

A

These vibrations cause the sensory cells in the organ of Corti to be stimulated in the cochlea and nerve impulses are generated

71
Q

Function of auditory nerve

A

Transmits nerve impulses to the cerebrum to be interpreted

72
Q

What is the Cristae stimulated by?

A

Changes in direction and speed of movement

73
Q

What is the maculae stimulated by ?

A

Changes in position of head?

74
Q

Explain the changes in direction and speed of movement of the head?

A

Three Semicircular canals lie at right angles to each other
They detect changes in direction and speed of movement of the head
As head moves one way endolymph tends to stand still and pushes against hair cells of crista
This pulls on sensitive hair cells, exciting them and sending nerve impulses to the cerebellum via auditory nerve
This gives a sense of which way the head has turned

75
Q

What does the maculae do?

A

Located in the sacculus and utriculus the maculae helps restore balance by detecting changes in head position

76
Q

Explain how balance is restored when there is a change in head position

A

The change in position stimulates the maculae
Stimulus is converted into an impulse
Impulse is transmitted by the auditory nerve to the cerebellum
Impulse is interpreted as an abnormal head position (tilt)
Cerebellum sends impulses to the muscles in the neck to tilt the head back to normal position
Balance is restored

77
Q

What is middle ear infection ?

A

Excess fluid in middle ear because pus doesn’t drain out
Grommet inserted in ear drum to drain

78
Q

What is deafness?

A

When one is hard of hearing or cannot hear at all
Electronic device amplifies sound
Cochlea implant stimulated auditory nerve

BIO (8 decks)

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