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BIO > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones ?

A

They are proteins that regulate various function in the body

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2
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A

Endocrine glands that release chemical messenger throughout all parts of the body through blood

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3
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Produce secretions that are carried in ducts to specific locations

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4
Q

Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine : secrete hormones directly into blood
ductless glands
pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pancreas

Exocrine : secrete enzymes into an organ
ducts convey secretions to the organs
salivary, pancreas

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5
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temperature
Regulates body water
Regulates secretion of hormones by pituitary gland
Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
Regulates swallowing, appetite, hunger and satiety
Plays a role in emotions
An area at the base of the brain
Nerve cells form Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and gets transported to pituitary gland

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6
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

It stimulated the nephron tubules of the kidney to reabsorb water, thus conserving water

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Below the hypothalamus in the brain

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8
Q

Why is the pituitary gland considered the master gland?

A

Controls function of many other endocrine glands in the body

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9
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinising hormone)
Prolactin
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

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10
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Governs the development of the primary locate into the Graafian follicle in the ovaries of females

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11
Q

What is the the function of LH?

A

Governs development of the corpus luteum in the ovaries of females

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12
Q

What is the function of Prolactin?

A

Stimulated the mammary glands to secrete breast milk

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13
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A

Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxin

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14
Q

What is the function if the growth hormone ?

A

Promotes skeletal and muscular growth

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15
Q

What does and under secretion if growth hormone cause?

A

Dwarfism

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16
Q

What does an over secretion of growth hormone cause ?

A

Gigantism or acromegaly in adults (elongated jaw,nose, fingers and toes)

17
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck /throat

18
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete ?

A

Thyroxin

19
Q

What micronutrient does thyroxin contain?

A

Iodine

20
Q

What are the functions of thyroxin?

A

Controls basal metabolic rate of all cells
Affects growth by influencing the release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
Affects cardiovascular system by causing more blood to be pumped around the body
Increases activities of the nervous system
Increase the activities of the gastrointestinal system

21
Q

What is goitre?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet

22
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Doubles metabolic rate of cells resulting in weight loss, heart palpitations, excitability

23
Q

What does hypothyroidism cause in children?

A

Cretinism (failure to grow, low intelligence, failure to mature sexually)

24
Q

What does hypothyroidism cause in adults?

A

Myxoedema (low metabolic rate)

25
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Above the kidneys

26
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete ?

A

Aldosterone and Adrenalin

27
Q

What is the function of aldosterone ?

A

Involved in the reabsorption of ions in the kidney

28
Q

What are the functions of Adrenalin?

A

Adrenalin prepares the body for emergencies by increasing…

Heartbeat which increases blood pressure
The blood supply to muscles and heart
Skeletal muscle tone and strength
Conversion rate of glycogen to glucose for energy
Diameter of pupils dilates

In emergencies it also decreases blood flow to skin

29
Q

Where are the Islets of Langerhans located ?

A

In the pancreas

30
Q

What are the two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans ?

A

Alpha and Beta cells

31
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

Produce glucagon to increase the blood glucose levels by converting glycogen in the liver and muscles into glucose

32
Q

What do beta cells do ?

A

Produce insulin to decrease blood glucose levels by converting excess glucose in the liver and muscles into glycogen and increase cell usage of glucose

33
Q

What is Diabetes mellitus ?

A

Very high glucose levels cause by hereditary or lifestyle factors

Due to a lack of insulin produced or body cells not responding to insulin

34
Q

Describe Type 1 diabetes

A

Occurrence : mostly young people

Cause : Little or no insulin produced

Symptoms : Increased thirst and urination , blurred vision, sugar in urine

Treatment: Daily insulin injections

Medical complication : Coma and death if person not given daily insulin injections

35
Q

Describe Type 2 diabetes

A

Occurrence : Mostly older people

Cause : Body cells do not respond to insulin

Symptoms : Increased thirst and urination, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow healing

Treatment : Change of diet, exercise and medication

Medical complication : Heart disease, nerve and kidney damage, blindness

36
Q

What hormone does the testes secrete ?

A

Testosterone from the Cells of Leydig

37
Q

What does Testosterone do?

A

Controls the development of secondary male characteristics and develops and maintains the reproduction organs

38
Q

What do the ovaries secrete ?

A

Oestrogen from the Graafian follicle and Progesterone from corpus Luteum

39
Q

What do Oestrogen and Progesterone do?

A

Control development of secondary sexual characteristics in women and develop and maintain the reproductive organs

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