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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A linear collection of genes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have ?

A

46 (23 pairs) diploid

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3
Q

What are the chromosome pairs known as ?

A

homologous pairs (1 from mother 1 from father)

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4
Q

What process forms gametes?

A

meiosis

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A part of DNA in a chromosome that contains code for the synthesis of particular proteins. These proteins determine the structure and function of that organism.

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6
Q

A complete diploid set of chromosomes within one cell of an organism that is arranged in homologous pairs.

A

karyotype

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7
Q

What does a human karyotype consist of?

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of gonosomes (sex chromosomes)

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8
Q

A complete set of genes on all chromosomes of an organism

A

genome

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9
Q

Founder of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

Genetic crosses involving a single contrasting characteristic

A

Monohybrid cross

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11
Q

A trait can either be ?

A

dominant or recessive

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12
Q

What are alleles?

A

A different form of a gene. alleles carry different information on the same characteristic.

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13
Q

Pure-bred or same alleles

A

homozygous

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14
Q

Two different alleles

A

heterozygous

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15
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism

A

genotype

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16
Q

physical appearance of an organism

A

phenotype

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17
Q

Explain the Law of Dominance

A

When two homozygous organisms are crossed with contrasting characteristics are crossed . All F1 will display dominant trait. All heterozygous individuals will have the dominant trait as phenotype.

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18
Q

Explain Principle of segregation

A

An organism has two factors which segregate so that each gamete has one factor

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19
Q

Position of gene on chromosome

A

locus

20
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When neither alleles are dominant over the other. Will show intermediate form of gene.

21
Q

Co-dominance

A

Where both alleles are equally dominant. Both alleles feature in the phenotype

22
Q

What happens when someone receives the wrong blood?

A

Blood will form clumps and not flow properly through blood vessels. MIGHT DIE

23
Q

What is the sex of an animal determined by?

A

Sex chromosome

24
Q

What are 2 sex link diseases common in males?

A

haemophilia and colour blindness

25
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

Blood does not properly could cause bleeding out.

26
Q

Why are sex linked diseases common in males?

A

It is caused by recessive alleles on the X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome meaning if they have the recessive gene they have a 100% chance of the disease.

27
Q

Cross between offspring of purebred parent with respect to two different genes

A

Dihybrid cross

28
Q

Unpredictable change in the DNA of an organism

A

mutation

29
Q

Gene mutation

A

changes order of nitrogenous bases
Changes order of amino acids
Change proteins
different proteins produced during synthesis

30
Q

Where can mutations occur?

A

Somatic cells (wont pass down) and sex cells (passes down to offspring)
Both contribute to genetic variation

31
Q

manipulation of the biological process to satisfy human needs

A

biotechnology

32
Q

What does genetic engineering include?

A

Stem cell research
GMO’s
Cloning

33
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can produce new tissues.

34
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

cells in an embryo that start to differentiate into other types of cells
If placed in other cultures they will continue reproducing
embryonic stem cells can differentiate into specific tissue

35
Q

Adult stem cells

A

produce new cells to replace damaged or dying cells

36
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

healthy allele cut from chromosome and combined DNA from another organism and contains an allele to make a missing substance.

37
Q

Describe how bacteria can be used to produce insulin?

A

A plasmid is removed from bacterial cell and is removed with help of enzyme.
Gene code for producing insulin is isolated and removed using enzyme
Plasmid and human gene is combined to form recombinant DNA which is placed in bacterium
Bacterium accepts new gene and produces insulin

38
Q

Advantages of GMO’s

A

Bigger yields and stronger crops
Cheaper
Weed can be effectively
Improved crops to produce more food with nutritional content and longer shelf life
Survive in soil other organisms cannot

39
Q

Disadvantages of GMO’s

A

Possible effect on human health
Negative effect of new gene on environment around it
Expensive
Ethical and religious reasons

40
Q

Process of making process of making one or more genetically identical copies of cells/organisms

A

Cloning

41
Q

Transfer of genetic material from adult to egg cell where genetic info has been removed

A

reproductive cloning

42
Q

What are some viewpoints FOR cloning?

A

Helps people who cannot reproduce
Eliminates diseases
Great food production
Produces organs
Can help aid survival of threatened species

43
Q

What are some viewpoints AGAINST cloning?

A

Not natural (against natural selection)
Based on scientists prejudices
Against religion
Decrease genetic variation
Weak immune systems
Expensive
Long term effects are unknown
Ethical reasons

44
Q

What type of DNA is used to trace lineage ?

A

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Mitochondrial DNA is the fathers side

A

FALSE (it is lost when sperm fuses with egg so only mothers mitochondrial DNA can be found in the zygote)

46
Q

How can mtDNA be used?

A

To see how closely related species are

47
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

Used to show evolutionary paths of organisms and trace common ancestors.

BIO (8 decks)

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