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A&P II > respitatory > Flashcards

respitatory Flashcards

1
Q

NAME?

A

To separate: hematocrit- percentage by volume of red blood cells in a blood sample, determined by separating the red blood cells from the plasma

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2
Q

Erythr-

A

Red: erythrocyte- red blood cell

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3
Q

Hemo-

A

Blood: hemoglobin- red pigment responsible for the color of blood

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4
Q

Thromb-

A

Clot: thrombocyte- blood platelet involved in the formation of a blood clot

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5
Q

NAME?

A

Abnormal condition: leukocytosis- condition in which white blood cells are overproduced

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6
Q

Embol-

A

Stopper: embolism- a mass lodging in and obstructing a blood vessel

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7
Q

Angio-

A

Vessel: angiotensin- substance that constricts blood vessels

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8
Q

Ather-

A

Porridge: athersclerosis- deposits of plaque in arteries

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9
Q

Brady-

A

Slow: bradycardia- abnormally slow heartbeat

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10
Q

Tachy-

A

Rapid: tachycardia- abnormally fast heartbeat

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11
Q

Syn-

A

Together: syncytium- mass of merging cells that act together

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12
Q

Papill-

A

Nipple: papillary muscle- small mound of muscle projecting into a ventricle of the heart

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13
Q

Systol-

A

Contraction: systolic pressure- blood pressure resulting from a single ventricular contraction

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14
Q

Diastol-

A

Dilation: diastolic pressure- blood pressure when the ventricle of the heart is relaxed

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15
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Too many white blood cells in the blood

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16
Q

Leukopenia

A

Too few white blood cells in the blood

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17
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Too few red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets usually associated with a bone marrow tumor or aplastic anemia

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18
Q

Septicemia

A

A systemic disease caused by pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood stream (blood poisoning)

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19
Q

Diapedesis

A

Squeezing movement of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls

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20
Q

Phleb-

A

Vein: phlebitis- inflammation of a vein

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21
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal expansion of a blood vessel wall

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22
Q

Infarction

A

When a localized area of muscular tissue is dying or dead due to insufficient supply of blood (as occurs in a heart attack)

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23
Q

Prolapse

A

The falling down or slipping out of place of an organ or part

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24
Q

Ischemia

A

A decrease in blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels

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25
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of fatty substances on the inner linings of arteries

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26
Q

Angina

A

A condition, such as a severe sore throat, in which spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain occur

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27
Q

Thrombin

A

Blood-clotting enzyme that catalyzes formation of fibrin from fibrinogen

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28
Q

Plasmin

A

Protein-splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin in a blood clot

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29
Q

What are the parts of whole blood when spun down?

A

Plasma, buffy coat, red cells

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30
Q

What layers of blood contain what parts?

A

Plasma: Water, electrolytes, proteins, wastes, nutrients, gasses

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31
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Contains large amounts of RBCs, transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and then transport CO2 back from the tissues to the lungs.

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32
Q

What are the blood cell lineages? (mainly the top and bottom of the tree)

A

Erythroid, lymphocytes, and myelocytes

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33
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophage

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34
Q

What does the body make in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)? Why?

A

RBCs

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35
Q

Why does the body make certain substances in low oxygen environments (e.g. high altitude)?

A

to move more O2

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36
Q

What nutrient is required to prevent pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin B12

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37
Q

What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin when broken down?

A

broken down into amino acids

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38
Q

What are the various types of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes)

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39
Q

What are the key facts about neutrophils?

A

most abundant, very phagocytic, first to arrive at infection

40
Q

What are the key facts about eosinophils?

A

1-3%, Parasite defense

41
Q

What are the key facts about basophils?

A

<1%, release Histamine (vasodilator) and Heparin (anticoagulant)

42
Q

What are the key facts about monocytes?

A

3-9%, largest blood cells, leaves blood to become Macrophage, phagocytic

43
Q

What are the key facts about lymphocytes?

A

25-33%, B,T, and NK cells, Specific immune response.

44
Q

What are the major plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins, Fibrogens

45
Q

What does the plasma protein Albumin do?

A

Most Common, Liver, Retains water

46
Q

What does the plasma protein Fibrinogen do?

A

Liver, blood clotting

47
Q

What does the plasma protein Globulins do?

A

alpha and beta: liver, transports lipids and vitamins. Gamma: Lymphatic tissue, antibodies

48
Q

What are examples of non-protein nitrogenous substances?

A

Urea, uric acid, creatine

49
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

filter dead blood cells

50
Q

What are the distal steps of the extrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?

A

…

51
Q

What are the distal steps of the intrinsic clotting pathways that we discussed?

A

…

52
Q

What ion is critical for blood clotting?

A

Ca2+

53
Q

What is the primary insoluble protein in a clot?

A

Fibrin created from fibrinogen

54
Q

What is blood typing and what are the major antigens and antibodies involved?

A

Determining the presence of surface antigens on the cell membranes of RBCs. Blood has antibodies against the opposite antigens (blood types)

55
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

O- because it has no antigens for A, B, or rh

56
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

AB+ because it has antigens for both A, B and rh

57
Q

What are the different types of anemia?

A

Aplastic and hemolytic anemia, sickle cell and thalassemia anemia, and iron deficiency and pernicious anemia.

58
Q

What causes aplastic and hemolytic anemia?

A

Radiation and toxic chemicals

59
Q

What causes sickle cell and thalassemia anemia?

A

Defective genes

60
Q

What causes iron deficiency and pernicious anemia?

A

Lack of iron and inability to absorb B12

61
Q

What are the pericardial layers of the heart?

A

Fibrous, Visceral, Parietal pericardium

62
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium, Endocardium

63
Q

What specific part of the heart produces the pumping action?

A

Myocardium (cardiac muscle)

64
Q

What are all the parts of the heart we discussed?

A

Chambers, valves, major blood vessels, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, skeleton, conduction system, etc.

65
Q

What do the chambers of the heart do?

A

Atriums: prime ventricles

66
Q

What do the valves of the heart do?

A

The Peanuts Might Attack! (Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral, Aortic)

67
Q

What do the major blood vessels of the heart do?

A

left and right coronary arteries originate near aortic valve, drain to coronary sinus in right atrium.

68
Q

What do the papillary muscles of the heart do?

A

articulate heart valves

69
Q

What do the chordae tendineae of the heart do?

A

hold valves to they don’t prolapse

70
Q

What does the skeleton of the heart do?

A

provides rigid structure and electrical insulation to valves

71
Q

What does the conduction system of the heart do?

A

provides pathway for cardiac stimulation

72
Q

Coronary blood vessels are supplied from what vessel?

A

Aorta

73
Q

What chamber of heart responsible for systemic systolic pressure?

A

…

74
Q

What chamber of heart responsible for pulmonary systolic pressure?

A

…

75
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow through the heart?

A

Right Atrium, Tricuspid V, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary V, pulmonary Arteries, Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Mitral V, Left Ventricle, Aortic V

76
Q

What is the sequence of conduction system cocomponent firing in the heart?

A

Single Apaches Just Attack Books! (SA Node, Atrial Syncytium, Junctional Fibers, AV Node, AV Bundel, Bundle Branches)

77
Q

What are the S1 and S2 heart sounds caused by?

A

S1: AV Valves closing

78
Q

What is a murmur?

A

Abnormal heart sound

79
Q

What is the ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram

80
Q

What do the waves in a normal ECG mean?

A

P Wave: Atrial Depolarization

81
Q

How do you diagnose the types of abnormal ECGs we discussed?

A

it will look abnormal

82
Q

What are the 3 major intake vessels for the right atrium?

A

…

83
Q

What are the major layers of a blood vessel wall?

A

Tunica interna, Media and Externa

84
Q

What happens in capillaries?

A

substances are exchanged

85
Q

What is filtration?

A

substances moving through capillary wall

86
Q

What are Starling’s forces?

A

Inword: Tissue Osmotic, Tissue Hydrostatic

87
Q

What are the “resistance” vessels?

A

arterioles

88
Q

How is blood pressure regulated?

A

Monitored by Baroreceptors, Modified by Heart action, smooth muscle constriction, hormone action

89
Q

How do you compute cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute, or simply the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).

90
Q

How do you compute heart rate?

A

Total bpm - your age

91
Q

How do you compute stroke volume?

A

SV (stroke volume ) x BPM = CO (Cardiac Output)

92
Q

Where is the cardiac center and the vasomotor center located?

A

The medulla oblongata

93
Q

What exactly causes blood to flow from one heart chamber to another?

A

Contraction of atrium and opening of AV Valve

94
Q

What is the major parasympathetic nerve to the heart?

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

95
Q

What, in general, is going on in figure 15.22 on page 572?

A

…

96
Q

Two ways Compliment works

A

Opsination, Membrane Attack Complex

A&P II (8 decks)

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