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Pathogeneic Micro > Respirtory Diseases Exam 3 > Flashcards

Respirtory Diseases Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of otitis media?

A

S. pneumoniae g+ dilococci
H. influenzae g- rod

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2
Q

How is otitis media transmitted?

A

Endogenous flora from the nasopharynx

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3
Q

What Pathogenic factors cause Otitis media

A

Allergies,
viral infection,
pressure on the ear drum,
bacteria from nasopharynx travels to the eustachian tube.

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4
Q

Otitis Media is diagnosed by __ and treated by ___

A

Otoscopic aspiration
Broad spectrum AB - Vaccine for S. pneumoniae

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5
Q

What is a buldging eardrum indicitive of?

A

Otitis Media

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6
Q

What species of bacteria cause Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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7
Q

How is strep throat transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

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8
Q

What Pathogenic factors cause Strep throat

A

MSCRAMMs
M-protein
Tonsillitis
Swollen cervical lymph nodes
Lipoteichoic acid- binds pharyngeal epithelium

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9
Q

What bacteria are responsible for Scarlet Fever

A

S. pyogenes

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10
Q

What toxin causes scarlet fever?

A

SpeA- Erythrogenic Toxin- caused by S.pyogenes
damages endothelial cells and a superantigen

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11
Q

Two diseases that can arrise as a result of strep throat?

A

Scarlet fever and Rheumatic fever

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12
Q

How do you diagnosis Strep throat

A

EIA test ENzyme immunoassay

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13
Q

What is EIA?

A

technique that uses ABs linked to enzymes to measure substance in a solution

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14
Q

Common treatments for Strep throat

A

Penicillins

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae G+

rods

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16
Q

How is diphtheria Transmitted

A

Respiratory droplets or direct contact for prolonged periods of time

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17
Q

Pathogenesis of Diphtheria

A

Diphtheria Toxin (A-B)
B- binds EGF
A- ADP ribosylates EF-2
Destroys Epithelium and causes inflammation
Toxin spreads to other tissues
Forms a pseudomembrane

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18
Q

Symptoms of Diptheria

A

Swollen neck
Fever
Difficulty breathing
White tonsil

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19
Q

How do you diagnose Diptheria?

A

CTBA plate - Metalic sheen on cysteine tellurite blood agar plate
TOxin testing
immuodiffusion
PCR

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20
Q

Antitoxins, antibiotics are used to treat ____

A

Diphtheria

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21
Q

What does the TDaP or Tdap vaccine do?

A

Prevents Diphtheria by inhibiting Diphtheria toxoid
Also prevents Whooping cough

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22
Q

Which respirtory disease do Bordetella pertussis cause? and describe the strain.

A

Whooping cough
G- aerobic coccobacillus

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23
Q

How does whooping cough cause disease?

A

Filamentous hemaglutannin(Fha) attach to respiratory cells and Macs (aveoli macrophages)
Tracheal cytotoxin- damages cilia
Pertussis toxin (A-B)
We dont know what B binds to
A- ADP ribosylates G-Proteins
Increase cAMP
INcrease respiratory and Mucous Secretions

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24
Q

Describe the 3 stages of whooping cough

A
  1. 1-2weeks catarrhal stage similar to common cold
  2. 2-4 weeks Paroxysmal stage violent coughing
  3. 3-4 weeks Convalescence stage
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25
Q

How to diagnosis whooping cough?

A

PCR culture Bordet-Gengou agar
IFA

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26
Q

What genus is responsible for TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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27
Q

Describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid-fast aerobic rod

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28
Q

How is TB transmitted

A

Respiratory droplets only Active TB
90% are latent

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29
Q

Fever, malaise,cough are indicitive of what respiratory disease

A

TB
Also it can be reactivated later in life

30
Q

How is TB diagnosed

A

Skin test
+ = current or previous infection
Followed by CT exam, X-Ray, acid-fast stainng/culturing

31
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Multiple ABs
Isoniazid- inhibits mycolic acid synth
Rifampin- inhibits protein synth
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

32
Q

How is TB prevented

A

Live avirulent M. bovis vaccine
30-40% effective
Not widely used in US

33
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia has what genus

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae G+ diplococci
a-hemolytic

34
Q

How is Pneumococcal Pneumonia transmitted?

A

Normal flora of URT and respiratory droplets

35
Q

Pathogenesis of Pneu. Pneumonia

A

MSCRAMMs (PfbA)
Capsule to avoid phagocytic cells
Pneumolysin - pore forming toxin
destroys ciliated epithelial cells
degrades hemoglobin
Alveoli fills with fluids and interferes with O2 uptake

36
Q

Symptoms of Pneu Pneumonia

A

Fever, sharp pleural pain
Bloody sputum (saliva and mucous)

37
Q

PP is diagnosed how?

A

Optocin inhibition test or bile solubility test serological typing of bacteria
Quellung reaction
look at slide

38
Q

PP treatment and prevention?

A

Penicillin fluoroquinolones
Prevented by Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)-prevnar 13

39
Q

Haemophilus influenzae genus is what type of gram cell and what is the shape?

A

G- coccobacillus

40
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is transmitted by?

A

Respirtory droplets normal flora

41
Q

Pathogenesis of hemophilus inflluenzae

A

Fimbriae
Capsule - polyribitol phoshpate PRP
Endotoxin
IgA protease
Similar to pneumococcal pneumonia

42
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is diagnosed by

A

Isolation; special media for nutritional requirments

X hemin and V vitamin

43
Q

What is used to treat Haemophilus inflenzae

A

Cephalosoporins

44
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia is transmitted by ___

A

Respiratory droplets

45
Q

Pathogenesis of Mycoplasmal pneumonia

A

P1 adhesion binds cilia
Destruction of ciliated epithelial cells
Mild but persistent respiratory symptoms

46
Q

Symptoms of Mycoplasmal pneumonia

A

Low fever dry cough headache
Persistent respiratory symptoms

47
Q

How is mycoplasmal pneumonia diagnosed and treated?

A

diagnosed by PCR and serological testing 1:64
treated by tetracyclines

48
Q

Chlamydial penumonia is caused by____

A

G variable obligate intracellular bacteria

49
Q

Chlamyial penumonia is transmitted by ____ ____

A

respirtory droplets

50
Q

pathogenesis of chlamyial penumonia

A

MOMPS- attachment
inhibition of phagolysosomal function
complex life cycle

51
Q

How is chlamydial pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Serology > 1:512
Treatment is tetracyclines

52
Q

How many agents for common cold and what are they mostly?

A

200+
nonenveloped thinoviruses RNA

53
Q

How is the common cold transmitted?

A

fingers and respiratory droplets

54
Q

Pathogenesis of cold

A

ICAM-1 and LDLR on nasal epithelial cells
TEmps slightly lower than body temp
Nasal discharge cough headache

55
Q

HOw is the common cold diagnosed?

A

NOne

56
Q

Treatment of the common cold

A

SUpportive
Cold EZ
mucinex
dayquil
tylenol

57
Q

What is influenza?

A

Enveloped RNA virus
A, B, C

58
Q

How is Influenza spread?

A

Respiratory aerosols

59
Q

pathogenesis of Influenza

A

Hemaglutinin H spikes attach to host cells
Neruraminidase N spikes used to release virus from cell
Damaged respiratory epithelium

60
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A

CHills, fever, headache, muscle aches
1% mortality for old and young people

61
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Constantly happening
point mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes
may involve 1 amino acid
Allows virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies

62
Q

Antigenic shfit

A

Major changes in H and N spikes
Genetic recomb between different strains infecting same cell

63
Q

How is influenza diagnosed?

A

EIA, PCR , culture

64
Q

How is influenza treated?

A

Oseltamivir inhibits neuraminidase
Xofluza inhibits viral endonuclease required fro replication

65
Q

Influenza vaccine

A

Multivalent vaccine h3n2a h1n1 B
Inactivated
Modified live (FluMist)

66
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus RSV is what?

A

Enveloped RNA virus

67
Q

How is it transmitted? how dangerous?

A

4500 baby deaths
transmitted by infected secretions

68
Q

Pathogenesis of RSV?

A

G glycoprotein causes attachement
F glycoprotein causes cell fusion (syncytium)
Pneumonia in infants
necrosis and inflammation plugs bronchioles and alveoli

69
Q

RSV is diagnosed by ___

A

Serology and PCR

70
Q

RSV is treated by ___

A

Ribavirin

71
Q

RSV is prevented by

A

Palivizumab- mAb directed against the F protein
premature babies
infants with lung disease

72
Q

What is covid-19?

A

Enveloped RNA SARS CoV-2 virus

Pathogeneic Micro (7 decks)

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