Exam 4 Diseases Nervous system

Question 1

What is Meninges?

Answer 1

3 layers that protect the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What are the 3 layers of Meniges

Answer 2

Dura mater- Outermost layer
Arachnoid mater- MIddle layer
Pia mater- Inner layer

Question 3

What is Meningitis?

Answer 3

INflammation of meninges

Question 4

What is encehalitis?

Answer 4

INflammation of the brain

Question 5

What is the blood brain barrier?

Question 6

What is Bacterial Meningitis?

Answer 6

Acute purulent meningitis

Question 7

How is Bacterial Menigitis gaining access to CNS?

Answer 7

Blood borne spread
Viral infections before hand
CHoroid plexus

Question 8

How is Bacterial Menigitis Diagnosised

Answer 8

USually by gram stain or latex agglutination of CSF ()

Question 9

How is bacterial menigitis treated

Answer 9

Cephalosoprins, vancomycin, steroids

Question 10

What type of bacteria cause Bacterial meningitis?

Answer 10

Streptococcus pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis

Question 11

What does streptococcus pneumonia do to cause bacterial meningitis?

Answer 11

NanA- penetrates the blood brain barrier then attaches and is uptook by brain microvasculature endothelial cells.

30% mortality in children
80% in elderly

Question 12

What vaccine is effective against streptococcus pneumonia?

Answer 12

PCV prevnar13

Question 13

What does haemopgilus influenzae do to cause Bacterial menigitis?

Answer 13

Pathogenic factor Capsule antigen type B

5-10% mortality

Question 14

Haemophilus influenzae vaccine?

Answer 14

Hib conjugate vaccine

Question 15

What does neisseria meningitidis do to cause disease?

Answer 15

Pathogenic factors:
Pili- attachment
LOS- lacks O-antigen and contains sialic acid
Capsule (A,B,C,Y,W-135)
IgA protease
Endotoxin
Begins as a throat infection, petechial rash

Question 16

How is neisseria menigitidis treated?

Answer 16

Pophylaxis Rifampin- inhibits RNA polymerase

Question 17

How is neisseria menigitdis prevented

Answer 17

Type B vaccine
Vaccination(A,B,C,Y,W-135)

Question 18

Describe Neisseria meningitidis characteristics.

Answer 18

G-
Aerobic
Diplococci

Question 19

What is tetanus caused by?

Answer 19

Clostridium tetani

Question 20

Describe Clostridium tetani characteristics.

Answer 20

G+
Rod
Endospore forming
Obligate anaerobe

Question 21

How is Tetanus tranismitted?

Answer 21

Soil especially manure treated soils

Question 22

What are the pathogeneic factors of Tetanus?

Answer 22

Tetanospasmin(A-B toxin)

B- binds motor neurons gangliosides (GT1b)

A - Degrades synaptobrevin II in the nerve endings of the presynaptic membrane
- Blocks release of
- glycine and GABA

Question 23

How do you identify tetanus?

Answer 23

Replicates in deep wounds
Muscle twitching
Lockjaw
Paralysis
Death

Question 24

How is tetanus diagnosed?

Answer 24

Clinical

Question 25

How is tetanus treated?

Answer 25

ABs Tetanus immune globulin

Question 26

What vaccine is used to prevent Tetanus?

Answer 26

Dtap and Tdap boosters Tetanus toxoid

Question 27

What causes Botulism?

Answer 27

Clostridium Botulinum

Question 28

Describe Clostridium BOtulinum.

Answer 28

G+ Rod Endospore forming obligate anaerobe

Question 29

HOw is Botulism transmitted?

Answer 29

Contaminated canned foods (Veggies)

Question 30

What are the pathogeneic factors of Botulism?

Answer 30

A-B toxin botulinum toxin B binds GT1b A- degrades the proteins responsible for releasing acetylchloline (SNAP 25). Toxins A, B, E A most potent

Question 31

How do you identify Botulism?

Answer 31

Botulinum toxin Blurred vision Flaccid paralysis Swallowing difficulty

Question 32

What is Infant Botulism caused by?

Answer 32

C. Botulinum in intestines 70% Never give honey to >1yr old -lack normal flora less acidity -spores gerinate in small intestine and produce the botulinum toxin

Question 33

What is Wound botulism?

Answer 33

growth of C. botulinum in wounds

Question 34

How is botulism diagnosed?

Answer 34

EIA for toxin in feces, gastric contents, tissues

Question 35

How is botulism prevented?

Answer 35

Proper canning NItrites prevent endospore germination No vaccine- potency of toxin, low yields, IND

Question 36

How is botulism treated?

Answer 36

ANtitoxins < 24 hrs after onset of symptoms Vomiting/Enemas Assisted breathing if paralysis has set in

Question 37

What causes rabies?

Answer 37

enveloped RNA virus

Question 38

How is rabies transmitted?

Answer 38

Animal bites Aerosol

Question 39

Name pathogenic factors of Rabies

Answer 39

Glycoprotein G spikes

Question 40

What are signs of rabies?

Answer 40

Muscle spass of mouth and pharynx Halucinations, increased salivation hydrophobia coma/death FLu like abnormal sensations around wound

Question 41

What does rabies do once it is in the system?

Answer 41

INfects neuromuscular junctions causes cell death attaches to peripheral neuron protein via Glycoprotein G spikes

Question 42

How is rabies diagnosed?

Answer 42

IFA in neck biopsy PCR saliva Negri bodies in brain tissue

Question 43

HOw is rabies treated?

Answer 43

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (HDCV) Post exposure Vaccine plus rabies immune globulin (RIG)

Question 44

What causes Poliomyelitis?

Answer 44

poliovirus Nonenveloped RNA

Question 45

How is polio transmitted?

Answer 45

Fecal oral human only host

Question 46

Name pathogeneic factors of Polio

Answer 46

Viremia

Question 47

What does polio do in the body?

Answer 47

Causes sore throat and nausea via CD155 in the small intestine and tonsils Virus may enter CNS Cytolytic for motor neurons in the brain stem and anterior horn -causes destruction of motor cells and paralysis <1% io cases Not very efficent at infecting cells

Question 48

What is postpolio syndrome?

Answer 48

Muscle wasting and weakness years after recovery due to loss of motor neurons.

Question 49

How is polio diagnosed?

Answer 49

VIrus isolated from feces. PCR throat swabs

Question 50

How is polio treated?

Answer 50

Ventilator Physical therapy

Question 51

How is polio prevented?

Answer 51

Salk vaccine (inactivated series of injections) Sabine vaccine (trivalent attenuated) oral.

Question 52

What is botulinum toxin?

Answer 52

AB toxin B binds GT1b A degrades SNAP 25 - proteins responsible for realsing acetlycholine

Question 53

What is Tetanospasmin?

Answer 53

AB toxin B bind GT1b -motor neuron gangliosides A degrades synaptobrevin II in the nerve endings of the presynaptic membrane -blocks release of glycine and GABA