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Pathogeneic Micro > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogenicity and virulence

A

Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease
Virulence: The extent of pathogenicity

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2
Q

Virulence factors?

A

molecules that are expressed or
secreted that enable a pathogen to cause disease
(toxins, enzymes, adhesins, invasins, capsules, iron
acquisition)

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3
Q

What are kochs 4 postulates

A
  1. Microbe present only in diseased tissue
  2. Isolate microbe from diseased tissue in pure
    culture
  3. Pure culture of microbe should cause the
    disease when re-introduced
  4. Re-isolate the microbe from the infected
    host.
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4
Q

What are the new postulates called and what are they?

A

Molecular postulates
1. Phenotype or property under investigation
should be associated significantly more often
with pathogenic strains of a species than with
nonpathogenic strains.
2. Inactivation of the gene or genes of interest
should lead to a measurable decrease in
virulence.
3. Re-introduction of the wild-type gene should
restore virulence.

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5
Q

what is the equation to determine infectious disease risk?

A

(dose x virulence)/host status

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6
Q

ID50

A

infectous dose for 50% of the population

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7
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose for 50% of the population

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8
Q

What are the steps of pathogenesis?

A
  1. Colonize (enter and adhere)
  2. Evade host defense mechanisms
  3. Acquire nutrients and replicate
  4. Transmitt to a new host
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9
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A

skin
mucous membranes
parenteral route
Ex:
influenza- inhaled

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10
Q

How does the portal of entry modify ID50/LD50?

A

It changes the dose number depending on the portal of entry

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11
Q

What is the advantage of avoiding phagocytic cells

A

avoid the immune system

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12
Q

How do listeria escape from the vacuole

A

LLO- lyse the vacuolar membrane

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13
Q

What dectections methods exsist in cytoplasm of cells

A

MHC1,

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14
Q

HOw does the vacuole modify itself to combat listeria

A

inhibit maturation
mycrobacterium
inhibit acidification
inhibit ROI/RNS

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15
Q

what inhibits ROI/RNS inside the cell

A

Catalase(h2o2-> water + o2), superoxide dismutase (o2->h2o2)

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16
Q

How do microorgranisms survive in the vacuole?

A

Lysse membrane to escape
Modify by inhibiting maturation
Inhibit aidification

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17
Q

antigenic variation

A

multiple copies of a gene that codes for the same surface protein(different structure).

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18
Q

How do they aquire nutrients

A

Siderophores (Iron Acquistion)
bind to Fe+
steal iron from cells

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19
Q

toxins?

A

hemolysins rupture RBC
staphylococi

20
Q

enzymes?

A

hyaluronidases- hydrolyze hyaluronic acid
collagenases- hydrolyze collagen
kinases- Digest fibrin clots

21
Q

differences between exotoxins and endotoxins

A

Endotoxins
G-
Fever inducing
Lipid
Not immunogenic
Heat resistant
Cause inflammation
Large LD50

22
Q

what is pyogeneic

A

pus forming (made of neutrophils)

23
Q

pyrogeneic

A

fever inducing

24
Q

Endotoxin-lipid a

A

stimulate cytokine production by macrophages when release endotoxin in macrophages
pyrogenic response

25
Q

what cytokines are fever inducing?

A

IL-1,TNF-a (proinflammatory cytokines)

26
Q

endotoxic shock

A

systemic vasodialation
hypotension
impaired perfusion of organs

27
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulattion

A
28
Q

LAL assay

A

limulus amoebocyte lysate assay
amoebocyte lysis produces clot (wbc)
endotoxin causes lysis

29
Q

exotoxins

A

membrane disrupting toxins
make protein channels in membrane
disrupt phospholipid bilayer
pla
hydrolyssi of glycerol

30
Q

mechanism superantigens

A

skip apc process

31
Q

superantigens

A
32
Q

AB exotoxin

A
33
Q

protein synthesis disruption

A

diphtheria toxin

34
Q

how do diphtheria toxins cause protein synthesis?

A
35
Q

what is EF2

A

responsible for protein synthesis

36
Q

second messenger disruption

A

EX:cholera toxin

37
Q

Process of cholera toxin pathway

A
38
Q

What are G proteins

A
39
Q

Protease tetanospasmin pathway

A
40
Q

sope

A

type 3 secretion system

41
Q

type IV secretion

A

bacterial ocnjuation
transfer of DNA and protein effector molecules
Example: pertussis toxin

42
Q

pathogenicity islands(how do we know where there are potential virulence factors)

A

GC content different from the rest of genome
often flanked by mobile elements

43
Q

Examples of organisms that escape from the vacuole?

A

Listeria

44
Q

How do micobaterium survive in the vacuole?

A

inhibiting maturation or acidification

45
Q

What are MSCRAMMs

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules

Pathogeneic Micro (7 decks)

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