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Respiritory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the last conducting airway

A

terminal bronchioles

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2
Q

What is the first airway with gas exchange

A

respiratory bronchiole

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3
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air inhaled in 1 normal breath

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4
Q

What is the vital capacity

A

volume of maximum exhalation

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5
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal, passive exhale
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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6
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

volume of air leaving the lungs in 1 minute

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7
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

amount of inspired air avalible for gas exchange

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8
Q

What is Fick’s law

A

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the difference in pressure and surface area, iand nversely proportional to the thickness

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9
Q

Other than factors in Fick’s law, what affects the rate of gas diffusion in the lung

A

Solubility and molecular weight of the molecule

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10
Q

Which is more soluble in blood O2 or CO2

A

CO2

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11
Q

What is an example of a diffusion-limited gas?

A

CO

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12
Q

What is an example of a perfusion-limited gas

A

NO2

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13
Q

Full gas diffusion usually occurs —- through the capillary

A

1/3

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14
Q

Pressure in the pulmonary A and the pulmonary capillaries

A

low <15 mm Hg

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15
Q

Anatomical difference between pulmonary A vs other systemic Aa

A

Pulm A has only a little smooth muscle

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16
Q

2 mechanisms to maintain low pressure in pulmonary capillaries when blood flow increases

A

recruitment
Distension

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17
Q

what is critical opening pressure

A

the specific pressure required to open a collapsed or closed alveolus, or a portion of an airway

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18
Q

endothelin and thromboxane A1 effects on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

increase

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19
Q

Serotonin and histamine effects on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

increase

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20
Q

PGI2 (prostacyclin) effects on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

decrease

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21
Q

Ach effect on effects on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

decrease

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22
Q

epi/norepi effects on pulmonary vascular resistance

A

increase

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23
Q

Bottom of the lung has —- blood flow compared ot the top

A

increased

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24
Q

what is alveolar dead space

A

alveolar space that is ventilated but not perfused

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25
Lung response to alveolar PO2 < 70 mmHg
vasocontriction
26
which is more severe, alveolar or interstitial edema
alveolar
27
----- capillary hydrostatic and --- capillary osmotic pressure can lead to pulmonary edema
increased, decreased
28
How is alveolar edema resolved
Na/Katpase pump in alveolar epithelial cells
29
What substances are completley removed by the lung (4)
Serotonin Leukotrienes PGE2 alpha PGF2alpha
30
what substance in 30% removed by the lung
norepi
31
what substance is inactivated in the lungs and by what enzyme
bradykinin ACE
32
Rate of O2 consumption by tissues is governed by ----
O2 consumption in tissues
33
5 causes of hypoxia
low insp PO2 hypoventilation V/Q mismatch Diffusion impairment R-->L shunt
34
Hypoventilation blood gas
low PO2, low PCO2
35
Of the 5 causes of hypoxia which will have normal A-a gradient
low insp PO2 hypoventilation
36
Of the 5 causes of hypoxia which will have high A-a gradient
V/Q mismatch Diffusion impairment R-->L shunt
37
Hypoventilation response to O2
100% response, hypoxia reversed
38
Causes of hypoventilation
Drugs - opiods/ barbituates obesity increased resisitance to breathing damage to chest wall paralysis of respiratory muscles
39
Causes of diffusion imparment
interstitial fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia
40
Response of diffusion impairment to O2
100% response
41
Blood gas diffusion imparment
mild decrease in PO2, normal PCO2
42
R -->L Shunt response to O2
can improve but not to 100%
43
R --> L shunt blood gas
low PO2 low PCO2
44
Examples of low V/Q
chronic bronchitis, obstructive airway disease, mucus plugs, and pulmonary edema
45
Examples of High V/Q
PTE emphysyma
46
V/Q response to O2
good
47
Hgb is most efficient with Fe+2 or Fe+3
Fe+2
48
factors that shift Hb saturation curve to the right
Increased H+ Increased PCO2 Increased temp Increased 2,3 DGP
49
Saturation curve to the right meaning
O2 most likely to dissociate
50
Interaction of CO with Hb causes (2)
binds but doesn't want to dissociate Causes left shift on dissociation curve
51
blood gas for CO poisoning
Normal PO2 Normal hgb Normal PCO2
52
Pulse ox in CO poisoning
high normal
53
Major source of expired CO2 in the body
Bicarb
54
Respiratory acidosis blood gas
pH <7.35, low PCO2 high
55
Hypoxia causes expected to be paired with respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation V/Q mismatch
56
causes of tissue hypoxia (4)
low PO2 reduced blood O2 carrying capacity reduction in local blood flow histotoxic hypoxia
57
consequence of paralysis to 1/2 of the diaphragm
paradoxical motion of the paralyzed side
58
major mm of inspiration
diaphragm external intercostals
59
most important resp mm
diaphragm
60
accessory muscles of inspiration (3)
scalene sternomastoideus alae naris
61
expiration is normally a --- process
passive
62
Internal or external intercostal are involved in active expiration
internal
63
when is lung volume at the largest
begining of expiration
64
three factors that decrease airway compliance
fibrosis alveolar edema atelectasis
65
Three factors that increase compliance
increased age emphysema surfactant
66
What cell produces surfactant
Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
67
Consequence of loss of surfactant (3)
stiff lungs areas of patchy atelectasis The alveoli fill with transudate
68
What is interdependence
When 1 group of alveoli stretches and pulls another open
69
Factors that cause increased turbulence of airflow
increased flow, increased diameter, increased density, decreased viscosity
70
What airways have the most resistance
medium size
71
Effect of B2 agonists on airways
Relax smooth muscle --> dilate
72
Airway resistance is (proportional or inversely proportional) to PCO2 in alveoli
inversely proportional
73
Conditions that cause airway compression
Pleural pressure > airway/ alveolar pressure
74
Area of the brain responsible for generating the respiratory rate
Pre-botzinger complex in the medullary respiratory center
75
In the pre-botzinger complex (dorsal/ventral) neurons are responsible for inspiration
dorsal
76
In the pre-botzinger complex (dorsal/ventral) neurons are responsible for expiration
ventral
77
Area of the brain responsible for breathing during prolonged apnea
apneustic center in the pons
78
Area of the brain responsible for fine tuning of respiration
pneumotactic center
79
Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to
H+ in CSF
80
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to what 3 factors to influence respiration
Arterial pH PCO2 PO2
81
Hering-Breuer reflex
prevents over-inflation of the lungs by inhibiting inspiration and initiating expiration when lung stretch receptors are activated
82
What receptor is responsible for causing rapid shallow breathing with interstitial edema
J receptors
83
Low arterial BP causes hyper or hyperventilation
hypoventilation
84
What PO2 is needed to stimulate ventilation
< 50 mgHg
85
What condition makes chemoreceptors more sensitive to hypoxia
increased PCO2
86
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing and when does it occur
alternating apnea and hyperventilation Sleep, heart disease, brain injury
87
Consequences of oxygen toxicity (3)
pulmonary edema damage to respiratory endothelial cells absorption atelectasis
88
The reserve capacity of the nasopharynx is approximately ---%
50%
89
Negative prognostic indicators for lar par (4)
progressive neuro signs esophageal dysfunction aspiration pneumonia temp trach
90
Stage 1 laryngeal collapse
everted saccules
91
Stage 2 laryngeal collapse
cuneiform and aryepiglottic process collapse
92
Stage 3 laryngeal collapse
corniculate collapse
93
diagnostic criteria for chronic bronchitis (3)
> 2-month cough increased mucus secretion exclude other cardiopulmonary disease
94
diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic bronchopnumapathy
>50% eos on BAL
95
most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in cats
asthma
96
bacteria responsible for hemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs
sterp equi zooepidemicus
97
Neurogenic causes of NCPE (3)
seizure electrcution head trauma
98
Dogs but not cats with chylothorax can have what electrolyte abnormality
hyponatremia hyperkalemia
99
Dog breeds predisposed to spontaneous pneumothorax
Goldens, huskies
100

GEN BOARDS (9 decks)

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