Respiratory - week 1 Flashcards
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
What are the functions of the ribs?
To help in respiration
protect the thoracic organs
What does each rib articulate with posteriorly?
2 thoracic vertebrae except for rib 1 which articulates with T1 only
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
protection of vital organs (heart and lungs)
provides muscle attachments
assists respiration
What is the ratio of inspiration to expiration?
1:2
Name the primary muscles of inspiration
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
Which process is passive inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
What are the 3 main types of joints in the thoracic cage?
between vertebral bodies
between vertebral arches
between ribs and their costal cartilages
Name the joints of the sternum
manubriosternal joint
xiphisternal joint
What does the pump handle action of the upper ribs do?
Increases AP diameter
What does the bucket handle action of the lower ribs do?
Increases transverse diameter
What do muscles of the rib cage do?
increase thoracic dimensions during inspiration
support the thoracic cage
intercostal muscles prevent any recession or bulging of intercostal space
inhibit the lungs natural tendency to collapse
What shape is the diaphragm?
dome shaped
What does the diaphragm separate?
It separates the thorax and the abdomen
Why does the diaphragm have several openings?
For important structures to pass through
What is the innervation of the diaphragm?
C3-C5 via phrenic nerves
Name the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
lumbar vertebrae : left and right crus and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12)
xiphoid process of the sternum
Where does the diaphragm insert?
central tendon of diaphragm
What is the thoracic surface of the diaphragm in contact with?
serous membranes of the heart and lungs; pericardium and pleura
What is the abdominal surface of the diaphragm in contact with?
liver, stomach and spleen
Name 3 openings that the diaphragm has
caval opening
oesophageal opening
aortic opening
What are the functions of the diaphragm?
primary muscle of respiration
passageway for structures
increasing intra-abdominal pressure needed in actions such as vomiting, passing urine, childbirth
What are the intercostal muscles?
A group of intrinsic rib cage muscles that occupy the 11 intercostal spaces
Name the three intercostal msucles
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
innermost intercostal muscles
Where do external intercostal muscles originate?
inferior border of rib above
Where do external intercostal muscles insert?
superior border of rib below
What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?
elevation of the ribcage during inspiration
Where do the internal intercostal muscles originate?
From the costal groove (lower part of the inner surface of rib near inferior border) of rib above
Where do the internal intercostal muscles insert?
upper border of rib below
What is the action of the internal intercostal msucles?
depression of the rib cage in forced expiration
Where do the innermost internal intercostal muscles originate?
from the costal groove of the rib above
Where do the innermost internal intercostal muscles insert?
the superior border of the rib below
What is the action of the innermost internal intercostal muscles?
Assist in function of external and internal intercostal muscles
What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?
They are innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11.e. the intercostal nerves of the corresponding intercostal space
Name some accessory muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid
scaleni
serratus anterior
pectoralis major and minor
lat Dorsi
serratus posterior superior
Name some accessory expiratory muscles
internal intercostal muscles
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominus
transverse abdominus
iliocostalis
longissimus
serratus posterior inferior
QL
What is expiration?
The relaxation of muscles and the elastic recoil of tissues to expel air from the lungs
What does forced expiration require?
the recruitment of muscle activity to enhance the power of air expulsion
What are the 3 movements of the thoracic cage during inspiration?
increase in AP diameter
increase in transverse diameter
increase in vertical diameter
What are the 3 muscular parts of the diaphragm?
sternal, costal and lumbar
What are the anatomical markings of the lungs?
2.5cm above midpoint of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
6th cc 7cm from midline anteriorly
rib 8 laterally
T2-> T10 posteriorly
