Respiratory - week 1

Question 1

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

Answer 1

12

Question 2

What are the functions of the ribs?

Answer 2

To help in respiration
protect the thoracic organs

Question 3

What does each rib articulate with posteriorly?

Answer 3

2 thoracic vertebrae except for rib 1 which articulates with T1 only

Question 4

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

Answer 4

protection of vital organs (heart and lungs)
provides muscle attachments
assists respiration

Question 5

What is the ratio of inspiration to expiration?

Answer 5

1:2

Question 6

Name the primary muscles of inspiration

Answer 6

diaphragm
external intercostal muscles

Question 7

Which process is passive inspiration or expiration?

Answer 7

Expiration

Question 8

What are the 3 main types of joints in the thoracic cage?

Answer 8

between vertebral bodies
between vertebral arches
between ribs and their costal cartilages

Question 9

Name the joints of the sternum

Answer 9

manubriosternal joint
xiphisternal joint

Question 10

What does the pump handle action of the upper ribs do?

Answer 10

Increases AP diameter

Question 11

What does the bucket handle action of the lower ribs do?

Answer 11

Increases transverse diameter

Question 12

What do muscles of the rib cage do?

Answer 12

increase thoracic dimensions during inspiration
support the thoracic cage
intercostal muscles prevent any recession or bulging of intercostal space
inhibit the lungs natural tendency to collapse

Question 13

What shape is the diaphragm?

Answer 13

dome shaped

Question 14

What does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 14

It separates the thorax and the abdomen

Question 15

Why does the diaphragm have several openings?

Answer 15

For important structures to pass through

Question 16

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

Answer 16

C3-C5 via phrenic nerves

Question 17

Name the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

Answer 17

lumbar vertebrae : left and right crus and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12)
xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 18

Where does the diaphragm insert?

Answer 18

central tendon of diaphragm

Question 19

What is the thoracic surface of the diaphragm in contact with?

Answer 19

serous membranes of the heart and lungs; pericardium and pleura

Question 20

What is the abdominal surface of the diaphragm in contact with?

Answer 20

liver, stomach and spleen

Question 21

Name 3 openings that the diaphragm has

Answer 21

caval opening
oesophageal opening
aortic opening

Question 22

What are the functions of the diaphragm?

Answer 22

primary muscle of respiration
passageway for structures
increasing intra-abdominal pressure needed in actions such as vomiting, passing urine, childbirth

Question 23

What are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 23

A group of intrinsic rib cage muscles that occupy the 11 intercostal spaces

Question 24

Name the three intercostal msucles

Answer 24

external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
innermost intercostal muscles

Question 25

Where do external intercostal muscles originate?

Answer 25

inferior border of rib above

Question 26

Where do external intercostal muscles insert?

Answer 26

superior border of rib below

Question 27

What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 27

elevation of the ribcage during inspiration

Question 28

Where do the internal intercostal muscles originate?

Answer 28

From the costal groove (lower part of the inner surface of rib near inferior border) of rib above

Question 29

Where do the internal intercostal muscles insert?

Answer 29

upper border of rib below

Question 30

What is the action of the internal intercostal msucles?

Answer 30

depression of the rib cage in forced expiration

Question 31

Where do the innermost internal intercostal muscles originate?

Answer 31

from the costal groove of the rib above

Question 32

Where do the innermost internal intercostal muscles insert?

Answer 32

the superior border of the rib below

Question 33

What is the action of the innermost internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 33

Assist in function of external and internal intercostal muscles

Question 34

What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?

Answer 34

They are innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11.e. the intercostal nerves of the corresponding intercostal space

Question 35

Name some accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 35

sternocleidomastoid
scaleni
serratus anterior
pectoralis major and minor
lat Dorsi
serratus posterior superior

Question 36

Name some accessory expiratory muscles

Answer 36

internal intercostal muscles
external oblique
internal oblique
rectus abdominus
transverse abdominus
iliocostalis
longissimus
serratus posterior inferior
QL

Question 37

What is expiration?

Answer 37

The relaxation of muscles and the elastic recoil of tissues to expel air from the lungs

Question 38

What does forced expiration require?

Answer 38

the recruitment of muscle activity to enhance the power of air expulsion

Question 39

What are the 3 movements of the thoracic cage during inspiration?

Answer 39

increase in AP diameter
increase in transverse diameter
increase in vertical diameter

Question 40

What are the 3 muscular parts of the diaphragm?

Answer 40

sternal, costal and lumbar

Question 41

What are the anatomical markings of the lungs?

Answer 41

2.5cm above midpoint of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
6th cc 7cm from midline anteriorly
rib 8 laterally
T2-> T10 posteriorly