Respiratory vaccines Flashcards
Which intervention other than clean water has saved most lives against infectious diseases?
Vaccines
What are the updates of the 2024 EPI?
TdaP boosters
Maternal pertussis
MMR addition
Targeted HepB birth dose
What type of vaccine is diphtheria?
Toxoid vaccine (1970s)
What are the side effects if diphtheria vaccine?
Local reactions
How long does the immune response to c. diphtheria last?
10y after booster
What is the herd immunity threshold for c.diptheria vaccine?
85%
What is the definition of a suspected diphtheria case?
- Sore throat, low grade fever
- Adherent upper airway membrane OR cutaneous
What is the definition of probable diphtheria case?
- Sore throat, low grade fever
- Adherent upper airway membrane OR cutaneous OR epidemiological link
- C.diphtheria/ulcerans/pseudotuberculosis isolated without toxigenicity confirmed
What is the definition of confirmed diphtheria case?
- Any signs or symptoms
- Isolated c.diphtheria/ulcerans/pseudotuberculosis with confirmed toxigenicity
Discuss diphtheria toxoid
Toxin-mediated disease
Phage encoded and integrated into bacterial genome by site specific recombination
When can non-toxigenic diphtheria infection become capable of producing toxin?
If lysogenised with toxin gene-carrying corynephage
What Is NTTB c.diphtheria?
Non-toxigenic toxin bearing
May harbour gene but unable to express due to frameshift/insertion mutation
What is the treatment of c.diphtheria?
Penicillin/erythromycin
Diphtheria antitoxin
What kind of vaccine is haemophilus influenza?
Subunit vaccine (capsular polysaccharide conjugated to immunogenic protein)
1999
What is the durability of immune response of the h. influenza vaccine?
Up to adolescence
What is the required vaccine coverage of the h. influenza vaccine?
Uncertain
How many serotypes of s.pneumo are there?
> 100
How many serotypes of n. meningitidis are there?
12 (ABC, WXYZ, E, HIKL)
How many serotypes of h. influenza are there?
6 (A-F)
What kind of vaccine is the haemophilus vaccine?
Monovalent
In which population are purified capsular polysaccharide vaccines ineffective and why? How do we fix this?
Children <18m
Unable to induce T-lymphocyte memory
Link to purified proteins -> responses become T-cell dependent
What are the 2 types of s.pneumo vaccine?
Capsular
Capsular conjugate
What are the side effects of s.pneumo vaccine?
Local
Minor systemic (headache, chills)
What are the 2 pertussis vaccine?
Whole cell killed (wP)
Acellular (aP)
What are the side effects of the pertussis vaccine?
Depends on vaccine type
What is the herd immunity threshold of the pertussis vaccine?
92-94%
Which population develop symptoms of pertussis?
Children
Adolescents and adults are asx or mild
Is pertussis a notifiable condition?
Yes
What are potential reasons for the increase in pertussis case?
Waning vaccine immunity
Cyclical nature of the disease
Increase awareness
Improved diagnostics
Changes in the organism
When is the maternal dose of pertussis?
16-36w GA
