Respiratory vaccines

Question 1

Which intervention other than clean water has saved most lives against infectious diseases?

Answer 1

Vaccines

Question 2

What are the updates of the 2024 EPI?

Answer 2

TdaP boosters
Maternal pertussis
MMR addition
Targeted HepB birth dose

Question 3

What type of vaccine is diphtheria?

Answer 3

Toxoid vaccine (1970s)

Question 4

What are the side effects if diphtheria vaccine?

Answer 4

Local reactions

Question 5

How long does the immune response to c. diphtheria last?

Answer 5

10y after booster

Question 6

What is the herd immunity threshold for c.diptheria vaccine?

Answer 6

85%

Question 7

What is the definition of a suspected diphtheria case?

Answer 7

1. Sore throat, low grade fever
2. Adherent upper airway membrane OR cutaneous

Question 8

What is the definition of probable diphtheria case?

Answer 8

1. Sore throat, low grade fever
2. Adherent upper airway membrane OR cutaneous OR epidemiological link
3. C.diphtheria/ulcerans/pseudotuberculosis isolated without toxigenicity confirmed

Question 9

What is the definition of confirmed diphtheria case?

Answer 9

1. Any signs or symptoms
2. Isolated c.diphtheria/ulcerans/pseudotuberculosis with confirmed toxigenicity

Question 10

Discuss diphtheria toxoid

Answer 10

Toxin-mediated disease
Phage encoded and integrated into bacterial genome by site specific recombination

Question 11

When can non-toxigenic diphtheria infection become capable of producing toxin?

Answer 11

If lysogenised with toxin gene-carrying corynephage

Question 12

What Is NTTB c.diphtheria?

Answer 12

Non-toxigenic toxin bearing
May harbour gene but unable to express due to frameshift/insertion mutation

Question 13

What is the treatment of c.diphtheria?

Answer 13

Penicillin/erythromycin
Diphtheria antitoxin

Question 14

What kind of vaccine is haemophilus influenza?

Answer 14

Subunit vaccine (capsular polysaccharide conjugated to immunogenic protein)

1999

Question 15

What is the durability of immune response of the h. influenza vaccine?

Answer 15

Up to adolescence

Question 16

What is the required vaccine coverage of the h. influenza vaccine?

Answer 16

Uncertain

Question 17

How many serotypes of s.pneumo are there?

Answer 17

> 100

Question 18

How many serotypes of n. meningitidis are there?

Answer 18

12 (ABC, WXYZ, E, HIKL)

Question 19

How many serotypes of h. influenza are there?

Answer 19

6 (A-F)

Question 20

What kind of vaccine is the haemophilus vaccine?

Answer 20

Monovalent

Question 21

In which population are purified capsular polysaccharide vaccines ineffective and why? How do we fix this?

Answer 21

Children <18m
Unable to induce T-lymphocyte memory

Link to purified proteins -> responses become T-cell dependent

Question 22

What are the 2 types of s.pneumo vaccine?

Answer 22

Capsular
Capsular conjugate

Question 23

What are the side effects of s.pneumo vaccine?

Answer 23

Local
Minor systemic (headache, chills)

Question 24

What are the 2 pertussis vaccine?

Answer 24

Whole cell killed (wP)
Acellular (aP)

Question 25

What are the side effects of the pertussis vaccine?

Answer 25

Depends on vaccine type

Question 26

What is the herd immunity threshold of the pertussis vaccine?

Answer 26

92-94%

Question 27

Which population develop symptoms of pertussis?

Answer 27

Children

Adolescents and adults are asx or mild

Question 28

Is pertussis a notifiable condition?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

What are potential reasons for the increase in pertussis case?

Answer 29

Waning vaccine immunity
Cyclical nature of the disease
Increase awareness
Improved diagnostics
Changes in the organism

Question 30

When is the maternal dose of pertussis?

Answer 30

16-36w GA