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CLS > Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 LRTIs.

A
  1. Influenza virus
  2. RSV
  3. Varicella (adults)
  4. Measles
  5. SARS
  6. Cytomegalovirus
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2
Q

Describe two features of SARS.

A

CXR shoes pneumonia and SARS does not respond to antimicrobial medicine.

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3
Q

RSV re-infection occurs throughout life due to what?

A

Antigenic drift.

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4
Q

RSV in the elderly causes what?

A

Flu-like symptoms.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Influenza?

A

A,B and C.

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6
Q

What is special about A and C?

A

A has 2 subtypes - HA and NA (surface proteins).

C is not pathogenic to humans.

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7
Q

What are the two types of complications that can arise with influenza virus?

A

CNS complications - encephalitis.

Pneumonia - Primary viral and secondary bacterial.

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8
Q

Antigenic shift is specific for what type of influenza?

A

Influenza A. 20% of AA differ from each other. Genetic reassortment between human and non-human viruses leads to new genetic subtypes.

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9
Q

Influenza virus is lytic - what does this mean?

A

Strips off the lining off the respiratory epithelium - removes mucosa and cilia.

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10
Q

What production circulates in the blood?

A

Interferon production - virus doesn’t.

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11
Q

What production circulates in the blood?

A

Interferon production - virus doesn’t.

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12
Q

Antigenic Drift occurs in what types of influenza?

A

A and B. Random spontaneous mutation in viral genome encoding NA and HA.

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13
Q

Common cold can be caused by what? Name 5.

A

Enterovirus, Parainfluenza virus 1-4, Rhinovirus, Coronaviruses (can cause SARS), RSV, Adenovirus. All these may predispose a secondary bacterial infection eg: sinusitis/pneumonia.

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14
Q

URTI caused by what?

A

Virus - and very common.

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15
Q

List 4 URTIs.

A

Epiglottis, croup, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, glandular fever.

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16
Q

Glandular fever has what type of cells in blood?

A

Atypical mononuclear cells.

17
Q

Glandular fever has what type of cells in blood?

A

Atypical mononuclear cells.

18
Q

What are the two types of pneumonia?

A

HAP (Hospital acquired pneumonia) and CAP (Community acquired pneumonia).

19
Q

What are the causes of CAP. What is the most common cause?

A

Most common cause is S. Pneumoniae - resistance to penicillin is common. Other causes are - H.Influenzae, C. pneumoniae, L. pneumophilia, M. pneumonia.

20
Q

Bacteria, Atypical bacteria and Viruses cause what %/ of CAP.

A

Bacteria - 60-80%
Atypical bacteria - 10-20%
Viruses 10-20%.

21
Q

What relevance does CURB65 have?

A

SEVERE CAP if you have 3 or more of the following symptoms.

C-confusion
U-urea > 7mmol/l
R-respiration rate > 30 per/min
B-blood pressure - Systolic 
65 - Are over the age of 65
22
Q

What relevance does CURB65 have?

A

SEVERE CAP if you have 3 or more of the following symptoms.

C-confusion
U-urea > 7mmol/l
R-respiration rate > 30 per/min
B-blood pressure - Systolic

23
Q

CAP is treated with what?

A

Amoxicillin prescribed if not severe.

If severe - co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin.

24
Q

HAP occurs when?

A

More than 48 hours after admission to hospital.

25
Q

CAP is more common in who?

A

Males, elderly, alcoholics, chronic disease.

26
Q

Name and describe two pre-disposing diseases to recurrent infection of the lung.

A

Cystic Fibrosis - airways chronically infected with bacteria, symptoms persistent and progressive. Prone to acute exacerbations.
COPD/Chronic Bronchitis - airways severely narrowed. Non-capsulated H. Influenzae is a precursor.

27
Q

Name and describe two pre-disposing diseases to recurrent infection of the lung.

A

Cystic Fibrosis - airways chronically infected with bacteria, symptoms persistent and progressive. Prone to acute exacerbations.
COPD/Chronic Bronchitis - airways severely narrowed. Non-capsulated H. Influenzae is a precursor.

28
Q

What has caused much of the recent increase in TB in developing countries?

A

HIV

29
Q

Myobacterium TB, faculative intercellular pathogens usually infect what?

A

Mononuclear phagocytes.

30
Q

Myo. TB grow in tissues with what?

A

Increased oxygen content.

31
Q

Fast or slow growing?

A

Slow.

32
Q

They are hydrophobic, what does this cause?

A

Less permeable to usual bacteria stains.

33
Q

Cell-mediated immunity develops how long after infection?

A

2-8 weeks.

34
Q

How is TB spread?

A

Airborne droplet nuclei. Can be airborne for several hours. Droplets inhaled and lodge in alveoli, taken up by alveoli macrophages.

35
Q

Does TB replicate fast or slowly? And where does it spread to?

A

Slow replication and spread to the hilar lymphnodes.

36
Q

Clinical features of TB, non specific ones?

A

Fever, weight loss, night sweats.

37
Q

What are the respiratory symptoms?

A

SoB, Cough, Haemoptasis.

38
Q

CNS symptoms?

A

Space occupying lesions - tuberculomas. TB meningitis.

CLS (6 decks)

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