Haematology.

Question 1

What is the universal donor blood group?

Answer 1

O

Question 2

What antigens does blood group A have?

Answer 2

A antigens.

Question 3

What antibodies does blood group B have?

Answer 3

Anti-A.

Question 4

What antibodies does blood group AB have?

Answer 4

None.

Question 5

What blood group is the universal receiver?

Answer 5

AB.

Question 6

To inherit blood group O, what alleles must you have?

Answer 6

Both O.

Question 7

When can Rhesus D -ve individuals make anti-D antibodies?

Answer 7

When exposed to Rhesus D +ve cells.

Question 8

How can haemolytic disease of the new born occur?

Answer 8

Pregnancy 1: Fetal RhD +ve cross the placenta, mother develops anti-D antibodies.
Pregnancy 2: Maternal IgG bind and destroy RBC of fetus.

Question 9

What does haemolytic disease of the newborn cause?

Answer 9

Intrauterine death, anaemia and jaundice.

Question 10

What prophylaxis is in place?

Answer 10

Pregnant women offered anti-D if RhD -ve and postnatally if RhD +ve fetus.

Question 11

All women of child bearing age given what transfusion if required?

Answer 11

Kell -ve.

Question 12

What are the risks of blood transfusion?

Answer 12

Incompatibility, transfusion related acute lung injury, acute haemolytic transfusion reaction, dilution of clotting factors and hypocalcaemia in big transfusions.

Question 13

What is the life span of a RBC?

Answer 13

100-120 days.

Question 14

What s the haematocrit?

Answer 14

% of blood volume that is red cells.

Question 15

What is the life span of a platelet cell?

Answer 15

7-14 days.

Question 16

What happens to platelets when they become activated?

Answer 16

Become spikey and sticky.

Question 17

What are WBC’s and what are the two types of WBC?

Answer 17

Immune response mediators. Phagocytic white cells and lymphoid white cells.

Question 18

What are the three types of lymphoid white cells?

Answer 18

NK cells, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.

Question 19

What are the two types of phagocytic white cells?

Answer 19

Granulocytes and Monocytes.

Question 20

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Answer 20

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.

Question 21

What are the two causes of polycythaemia?

Answer 21

• Over production in bone marrow - semi-neoplastic process.

- Reduced plasma (pseudopolycythaemia) caused by alcohol, smoking and blood pressure tablets.

Question 22

What are the 3 causes of anaemia?

Answer 22

• Under production - bone marrow problems.
• Increased destruction - haemolysis and lifespan
• Increased loss - haemorrhage.

Question 23

What are the 3 types of macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 23

Reticulocytosis - haemorrhage, haemolysis.
Megaloblastic anaemia - B12 or folate deficiency.
Marrow dysfunction - secondary to renal/liver/thyroid dysfunction.

Question 24

What are the 4 types of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 24

T - thalassaemia - a,b - globin chain problems.
I - Iron deficiency.
C - chronic disease.
S - sideroblastic anaemia - congenital.
Most important cause is blood loss, leads to Fe deficiency.

Question 25

What is thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia?

Answer 25

Thrombocytosis is too many platelets formed due to - reaction to inflammation/infection or marrow overproduction.
Thrombocytopenia is reduced platelets due to: consumption by clotting - infection/liver disease and marrow underproduction.

Question 26

What changes occur to WBC’s?

Answer 26

Neutrophilia - reaction to infection.
Neutropenia - under production.
Monocytosis - chronic inflammation –> TB.
Eosinophilia - parasites, fungi, allergens –> asthma.