Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CLS > Inflammation, Autoimmunity etc... > Flashcards

Inflammation, Autoimmunity etc... Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 situations where acute inflammation can occur.

A

Chemical damage, Microorgansims (bacteria), trauma, ischaemic necrosis, radiation damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main steps in the acute inflammatory response?

A
  • Exudate produced, derived from blood components from adjacent capillaries.
  • destroys/neutralises damaging agent.
  • liquefies and removes dead tissue.
  • prepares damaged area for healing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the exudate?

A
  • Fluid - dilutes toxins and carries nutrients, mediators and antibodies.
  • fibrin is released, function speculative.
  • neutrophils actively phagocytic of living tissue but also necrotic debris.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the consequences of acute inflammation?

A

Heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of funtion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the components of the exudate?

A

Fluid, fibrin, neutrophils and a few macrophages and lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malaise, fever, pain and rapid pulse is due to what?

A

Exudate acting on the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malaise, fever, pain and rapid pulse is due to what?

A

Exudate acting on the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name and describe the two phases of resolution.

A

Inflammatory phase - fluid, proteins and neutrophils move into area of damage = exudation.

Proliferation phase - local cells re-grow, allow tissue function to return to normal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe fibrous repair.

A

Same inflammatory stage as resolution. Proliferation phase refers to formation of new capillary vessels, budding from nearby vessels and support cells - grow into damaged area. Fibroblasts proliferate and collaged laid down - forms scar tissue. Restoration of normal structure and function does not occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe fibrous repair.

A

Same inflammatory stage as resolution. Proliferation phase refers to formation of new capillary vessels, budding from nearby vessels and support cells - grow into damaged area. Fibroblasts proliferate and collaged laid down - forms scar tissue. Restoration of normal structure and function does not occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can not occur in chronic information?

A

Complete healing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tissue is infiltrated by specific immune effector cells, main one being what?

A

Macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Always heals how?

A

Scarring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are ineffective in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Neutrophils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is a granuloma formed?

A

Macrophages aggregate around the damaging agent and associated with a surrounding lymphocyte cuff and fibroblasts form a granuloma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do macrophages secrete?

A

Cytokines, mediators of inflammation, growth factor and activated gamma interferon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do macrophages secrete?

A

Cytokines, mediators of inflammation, growth factor and activated gamma interferon.

18
Q

The exudate can cause symptoms such as what?

A

Meningitis, pericarditis, diphtheria.

19
Q

Name 5 reasons why inadequate healing may take place.

A

Denervation of the area, foreign/unknown necrotic material in the area, ischaemic of the region, diabetes, previous irradiation, steroid therapy, continuing infction.

20
Q

Brain necrosis - how is brain parenchyma different?

A

Does not contain fibroblasts, cannot make collagen.

21
Q

What does necrosis undergo?

A

Liquefaction - macrophages turn it in to a liquid and phagocytose the debris.

22
Q

Dead area is walled off by what?

A

Astrocytes.

23
Q

Bone - defect filled with what?

A

Blood clot.

24
Q

Like exudate, haematoma undergoes what?

A

Organisation - after the debris is phagocytosed.

25
Defect subsequently filled by what?
Vascular then fibro-vascular granulation tissue.
26
Defect subsequently filled by what?
Vascular then fibro-vascular granulation tissue.
27
Autoimmunity - Describe Graves' disease.
Beta cells produce antibodies that specifically bind to the TSH receptor expressed by thyroid follicular cells and stimulate thyroid hormone production. There is negative feedback but due to the antibodies it has not much effect therefore hyperthyroidism.
28
What happens in graves' opthalmopathy
Inflammatory damage of extra-ocular tissue with production of mucopolysaccharides and associated oedema behind eyes causing eyes to bulge.
29
What is pre-tibial myxoedema?
Similiar to G.O, deposition of muco-polysaccharides in subcutaneous tissue causes swelling on front of skin.
30
What is Atrophic thyroiditis?
When antibodies block rather than stimulate TSH receptors - leads to hypothyroidism. Ref. Hashimoto's.
31
Pernicious anaemia is caused how?
Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells and production of autoantibodies to IF. Causes reduced B12 absorption from the gut and subsequently pernicious anaemia.
32
Describe myasthenia gravis.
Autoantibodies specific for ACh receptors expressed on muscle cells at neuromuscular junction. Block binding site and induce internalisation and degradation of receptors. Results in extreme weakness due to lack of nerve stimulation.
33
Briefly outline what autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and Pempigus is.
A.H.A, production of autoantibodies specific for erythrocyte surface autoantigens inducing complement activation and destruction by phagocytes. Pempigus, autoantibodies bind to intercellular substance of skin epidermis, induces blistering inflammation reaction.
34
Briefly outline what autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and Pempigus is.
A.H.A, production of autoantibodies specific for erythrocyte surface autoantigens inducing complement activation and destruction by phagocytes. Pempigus, autoantibodies bind to intercellular substance of skin epidermis, induces blistering inflammation reaction.
35
Name 3 and describe one other autoimmune disease.
Good pasture's disease - kidney and possibly lung damage. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - causes tissue damage. Rheumatoid Arthritis - rheumatoid factors form immune complexes - cause damage in joints.
36
Name 3 and describe one other autoimmune disease.
Good pasture's disease - kidney and possibly lung damage. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - causes tissue damage. Rheumatoid Arthritis - rheumatoid factors form immune complexes - cause damage in joints.
37
Immunodeficiencies - what is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
Primary - usually due to inherited mutations - most autosomal recessive. Secondary - acquired as a consequence of environmental insults.
38
What are bacterial, viral and fungal infections caused by?
Bacterial infections caused by deficiency antibodies, complement/phagocytes. T-cell defects cause viral and fungal infections.
39
Di George Syndrome is a t-cell deficiency causing what?
Defective development of the thymus due to developmental defect in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches. Deficiency causes viral and fungal infections and graft vs host disease. Defective parathyroids cause hypocalcaemia. Defective great vessels causes congenital heart disease and defective face causes dysmporphic features.
40
In HIV, t-cells are infected by binding to what? What does this cause?
CD4 molecules. The progressive decline in CD4 cells results in worsening immune function and increased susceptibility to infection.
41
What is severe combined immunodeficiency? How is it treated?
Inherited, stem cell defect, lack of function of T and B cells. Presents in 1st year of life, fatal if left untreated, only treatable by bone marrow transplant

CLS (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions