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S2 Case 3 - asthma & COPD > Respiratory Tract Infection > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is specific Ab in upper tract?

A

IgA

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2
Q

What is the specific Ab in lower tract?

A

IgE

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3
Q

Describe the muco-ciliary escalator defence

A

Goblet cells produce mucus which traps pathogens
Constant beating of cilia push pathogens upwards + out

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4
Q

What also happens to enhance removal of pathogens?

A

Coughing + sneezing propel pathogens out of the body

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5
Q

Describe the alveolar macrophage defence

A

Don’t proliferate + divide
Just remain at steady state in alveoli
ONLY renew in inflammation

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6
Q

What is contained in the normal biota in the respiratory tract?

A

Gram-positive bacteria
eg. streptococci + staphylococci

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7
Q

When does gram-positive bacteria become harmful in the respiratory tract of biota?

A

Host becomes immunocompromised
OR
Transferred to other hosts

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8
Q

What are the upper respiratory diseases?

A

Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Acute otitis media
Pharyngitis/ tonsilitis

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9
Q

What is rhinitis known as?

A

Common cold

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Sneezing
Scratchy throat
Runny nose

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11
Q

What is the cause organism of rhinitis?

A

Viruses

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12
Q

What is the mode of transmission of rhinitis?

A

Indirect contact
Droplet contact

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13
Q

What are the virulence factors for rhinitis?

A

Attachment proteins

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14
Q

What is the diagnosis for rhinitis?

A

NOT necessary

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15
Q

What is the prevention of rhinitis?

A

Hygiene control

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16
Q

What is the treatment for rhinitis?

A

Symptoms only

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17
Q

What is sinusitis caused by?

A

Allergy or bacteria

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

A

Nasal congestion
Facial swelling
Discharge green or yellow = bacteria
Discharge clear = allergy

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19
Q

What happens in acute otitis media (ear infection)?

A

Inflammation of Eustachian tubes = build up of fluid in middle ear
= bacteria can migrate
= puss production + fluid secretion

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20
Q

What is chronic otitis media?

A

When fluid remains in middle ear for indefinite periods of time

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of otitis media?

A

Pain in ear
Loss of hearing
Untreated = eardrum rupture

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22
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Inflammation of the throat

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of pharyngitis?

A

Pain + swelling
White packets of inflammatory products
Foul-smelling breath

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24
Q

What can cause pharyngitis?

A

Bacteria = streptococcus pyogenes
Most severe
Viruses

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25
Q

What is the mode of transmission for pharyngitis?

A

Droplet or direct contact

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26
Q

What is the diagnosis for pharyngitis?

A

Beta-hemolytic on blood agar

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27
Q

What is the prevention for pharyngitis?

A

Hygiene partcices

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28
Q

What is the treatment for pharyngitis?

A

Bacteria treatment only
Penicillin, cephalexin = penicillin allergy

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29
Q

What are the distinctive features in pharyngitis?

A

Bacteria = more severe
Virus = hoarseness

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30
Q

What are diseases that affect the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

Whopping cough
Respiratory syncytial virus (RVS)
Influenza
Covid

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31
Q

What is whooping cough known as?

A

Pertussis

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32
Q

What are the 2 stages of whooping cough?

A

Catarrhal = UPPER
Paroxysmal = LOWER

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33
Q

Describe catarrhal stage

A

Cold symptoms
Lasts 1-2 weeks

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34
Q

Describe paroxysmal stage

A

Severe + uncontrollable coughing
Burst blood vessels in eyes + vomiting
Long recovery

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35
Q

What is the mode of transmission for whooping cough?

A

Droplet contact

36
Q

What is the prevention for whooping cough?

A

Acellular vaccine
Contacts = erythromycin

37
Q

What is the treatment for whooping cough?

A

Erythromycin to decrease communicability

38
Q

What is the vaccine process for whooping cough?

A

6 in 1 vaccine in babies 8-12-16 weeks
4 in 1 booster in pre-school age

39
Q

Describe the pertussis toxin mechanism

A

Act on alpha i subunits
Locks subunit into inactive configuration
= increased cAMP
= in airways cAMP accumulates
= cough

40
Q

What does RVS produce?

A

Giant multinucleated cells

41
Q

What group is RVS most prevalent in?

A

Newborns

42
Q

What are the symptoms of RVS?

A

Fever
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Oitis

43
Q

What can serious infections of RVS cause?

A

Coughing
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Rales

44
Q

What is the mode of transmission of RVS?

A

Droplet
Indirect contact

45
Q

What is the diagnosis for RVS?

A

Direct antigen testing

46
Q

What is the prevention for RVS?

A

Passive Ab in high-risk children

47
Q

What is the treatment for RVS?

A

Just treat symptoms
BUT if weak immune system = ribavirin (antiviral) = blocks RNA polymerase

48
Q

What is the mechanism of action for RVS?

A

Depends on RVS fusion protein
= can break cell membrane of cell then go inside
Causes the infected cells to fuse together

49
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza?

A

Headache, chills, dry cough, aches, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat + extreme fatigue

50
Q

What is the cause of influenza?

A

Influenza A, B + C viruses

51
Q

What is the mode of transmission for influenza?

A

Droplet contact
Direct contact
Indirect contact

52
Q

What is the diagnosis for influenza?

A

Viral culture
OR
PCR test

53
Q

What is the prevention of influenza?

A

Injected or inhaled vaccine
Taken annually

54
Q

What is the treatment for influenza?

A

Amantadine
Rimantadine
Zanamivir

55
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that influenza work by?

A

Antigenic drift
Antigenic shift

56
Q

Describe what happens in antigenic drift

A

Alteration of viral antigens
Change in sequence
Ab can no longer bind

57
Q

Describe what happens in antigenic shift

A

RNA in virus segmented
2 viral strains can combine to form new strain
= B cells + T cells generated following exposure to virus may not be protective against new virus

58
Q

What is the mode of transmission for covid?

A

Respiratory droplets

59
Q

What are the symptoms of covid?

A

Fever
Cough
Difficulty breathing
Muscle pain
Tiredness

60
Q

What is the prevention for covid?

A

Avoid infected
Wash hands
Vaccines
Face mask

61
Q

Why can’t covid undergo antigenic shift?

A

Because RNA isn’t segmented

62
Q

What are the diseases that affect the lower respiratory tract?

A

Pneumonia
Tuberculosis

63
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammatory condition of lung in which fluid fills the alveoli

64
Q

What can pneumonia be caused by?

A

Viral = milder
Bacteria

65
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Headache
Fever
Chest pain
Cough
Discoloured sputum

66
Q

What does pneumonia affect?

A

Starts in bronchi then fluid builds up in alveoli

67
Q

What is the most severe bacterium cause of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

68
Q

What is the transmission mode for pneumonia?

A

Droplet contact
Endogeous transfer

69
Q

What is the prevention for pneumonia?

A

Vaccine

70
Q

What is the treatment for pneumonia?

A

Antibiotics
eg. cefotaxime, clarithromycin

71
Q

What is TB caused by?

A

Bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis

72
Q

What are the 2 parts of TB?

A

Laten infection
TB disease

73
Q

What is the latent infection?

A

Bacteria present BUT kept under control by immune system

74
Q

What is the TB disease?

A

Bacteria causes the disease

75
Q

Describe someone with latent

A

NO symptoms
Can’t spread
Normal chest x-ray + negative sputum

76
Q

How can latent be diagnosed?

A

Skin or blood test

77
Q

Does latent TB need to be treated?

A

YES
= prevent disease from occuring

78
Q

Describe someone with TB disease

A

Symptoms
Can spread bacteria
Abnormal chest x-ray + positive sputum

79
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A

Bad cough >3 weeks
Chest pain
Coughing blood or sputum
Fatigue
Fever
Sweating at night

80
Q

What is the treatment for latent TB?

A

3–9-month course of 1-2 antibiotics

81
Q

What are the most common antibiotics prescribed for latent TB?

A

Isoniazid, rifapentine + rifampin

82
Q

What is the treatment for TB disease?

A

6-9-month course of 2-4 or more antibiotics

83
Q

What are the most common antibiotics prescribed for TB disease?

A

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide + ethambutol

84
Q

What happens if people get given treatment for TB disease?

A

Improve within few weeks
No longer contagious after several weeks of treatment if correct medication

85
Q

Describe the infection process of TB

A

Inhaled droplets
Droplets in alveoli
Infected macrophages
Clearance = latent
Reactivation = TB disease
Granuloma formation
Granuloma maturation
Caseating granuloma

86
Q

Why does the granuloma break in TB disease?

A

When the patient doesn’t adhere to their medications

S2 Case 3 - asthma & COPD (25 decks)

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