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PCOL 1 > Respiratory Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Meaning of COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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2
Q

Characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli that produce brochoconstriction

A

Asthma

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3
Q

Reasons of narrowing of airways in COPD

A

Inflammation
Mucus Secretion

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4
Q

Triggers of Asthma

A

Allergens
Air pollution
Cigarette smoking
Upper Respiratory tract infections
Drugs (NSAIDs & Beta-blockers)
Cold Air
Exercise

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5
Q

A substance that is released during inflammation

A

Protease

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6
Q

Surface in between the sacs of the alveoli, this is also directly connected to the capillaries

A

Parenchyma

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7
Q

A condition wherein the partition in between every alveoli collapses (alveolar collapse)

Destruction of Parenchyma

A

Emphysema

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8
Q

Why do NSAIDs cause Asthma

A

Since they inhibit cox resulting to increase of LOX thus increasing leukotrienes causing constriction

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9
Q

Why do beta-blockers cause Asthma attack

A

Since Beta 2 causes bronchodilation, antagonize it then no bronchodilation

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10
Q

Two factors for Asthma

A

Genetic & Environmental

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11
Q

Examples of Beta Agonist Bronchodilators (SABA)

A

Salbutamol
Terbutaline
Levalbuterol
Fenoterol
Pirbuterol

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12
Q

Examples of Beta Agonist Bronchodilators (LABA)

A

Salmeterol
Formeterol
Indacaterol

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13
Q

SABAs are used for

A

Treating acute bronchospasms since it is fast acting

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14
Q

LABAs are used for

A

Prevention of asthma attacks

Most of them are given twice daily by INHALATION except for Indacaterol (once daily)

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15
Q

Example Muscarinic Antagonist Bronchodilators

A

Ipratropium
Tiotropium

Both are administered by oral inhalation to produce few side effects

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16
Q

1+1 = 3 (synergistic)

A

when muscarinic receptor antagonists are given on its own it is weaker than beta agonists HOWEVER when given together with beta 2 agonist they are more effective

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17
Q

MOA of Theophylline

A

Inhibition of PDE isozymes and Blockade of adenosine receptors thus increasing camp

Inhibition of calcium influx

Enhancement of catecholamine secretion

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18
Q

Indications of Theophylline

A

COPD and Asthma whose symptoms are not controlled with Beta 2 agonists and muscarinic antagonists

19
Q

Adverse effects of Theophylline

A

Gastrointestinal distress

CNS stimulation (HA, anxiety, restlessness, seizure) caffeine like effects

Cardiac stimulation

20
Q

What do Corticosteroids or steroids do

A

Inhibit the immune system thus lessening immune response

21
Q

Indications of Corticosteroids

A

Long-term prevention of asthma attacks

22
Q

Adverse effects of Corticosteroids(Budesonide, Fluticasone, Beclomethasone, Triamcinolone)

A

Oral Thrush

Risk of suppressing growth in children

23
Q

Examples of Corticosteroid drugs

A

Budesonide
Fluticasone
Beclomethasone
Triamcinolone

24
Q

MOA of Leukotriene antagonists (zafirlukast and montelukast)

A

Antagonize Leukotriene receptor

Inhibit Lipoxygenase (enzyme responsible for producing leukotrienes)

25
Q

Examples of leukotriene antagonists

A

Montelukast - can be given to patients as young as 6 months old

Zafirlukast - for patients with age greater than 5 years old

26
Q

Indications of leukotriene antagonists (zafirlukast and montelukast)

A

Preferred initial anti-inflammatory therapy since it has minimal side effects, orally administered, and it can be used for patients that are unwilling/contraindicated to use steroids

27
Q

Example of Lipoxygenase 5 inhibitor

A

Zileuton

28
Q

MOA of Zilueton

A

Block the formation of leukotriene

29
Q

Indications of Lipoxygenase 5 inhibitor (zileuton)

A

Prophylaxis of asthma in adults and children (12 years and above)

30
Q

Adverse effects of Lipoxygenase 5 inhibitor (zileuton)

A

Flu-like syndrome

Elevation of liver enzymes

31
Q

Adverse effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast and zafirlukast)

A

Rarely, Churg-Strauss Syndrome - treated with corticosteroids, this is developed in patients being withdrawn from glucocorticoid therapy while a leukotriene antagonist is substituted

32
Q

Example of mast cell stabilizers

A

Cromolyn Sodium
Nedocromil
Lodoxamide

33
Q

MOA of mast cell stabilizers (Cromolyn Sodium, Nedocromil, Lodoxamide)

A

stabilize the plasma membranes of mast cells and prevent granulation and release of histamine, leukotrienes and other substances that cause airway inflammation

Block calcium

34
Q

Indications of mast cell stabilizers (Cromolyn Sodium, Nedocromil, Lodoxamide)

A

used as a prophylactic agent for asthma (inhaled)

35
Q

Example of PDE-4 Inhibitor

A

Roflumilast

36
Q

MOA of PDE-4 Inhibitor (roflumilast)

A

Increase cAMP levels

37
Q

Indications of PDE-4 Inhibitor (roflumilast)

A

used to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis who have a history of exacerbations

38
Q

MOA of Antitussives (Dextromethorphan, Noscapine, Propoxyphene
Codeine, Butamirate Citrate, Levodroproprizine)

A

Inhibit the cough center in the brain: elevating cough threshold

39
Q

Examples of Antitussives

A

Dextromethorphan
Noscapine
Propoxyphene
Codeine
Butamirate Citrate
Levodroproprizine

40
Q

MOA of Expectorants (Guaifenesin, Sodium Citrate, Potassium Citrate, Ammonium Chloride)

A

Facilitate the coughing up of mucus and other materials from the lungs

Reduce adhesiveness and surface tension of respiratory tract secretions and thereby facilitate their expectoration

41
Q

Examples of Expectorants

A

Guaifenesin
Sodium Citrate
Potassium Citrate
Ammonium Chloride

42
Q

MOA of Mucolytics (Acetylcysteine, Bromhexine, Carbocisteine, Ambroxol)

A

Breaks down the bonds holding together mucus thus making the mucus less sticky and thick

43
Q

Examples of Mucolytics

A

Acetylcysteine
Bromhexine
Carbocisteine
Ambroxol

PCOL 1 (10 decks)

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