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142 . Human Cardiorespiratory System > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory tract?

A

Upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Lower respiratory tract - trachea, bronchi lungs

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2
Q

Why is it important that air is heated and humidified when it enters the lungs?

A

The alveolar membrane is not damaged

Moistens the respiratory epithelium to allow gaseous exchange

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3
Q

What are the concha?

A

Bony structures in the nose which control airflow to the trachea

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4
Q

What is the function of concha?

A

Increase the heating and humidification function of the nose

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5
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory (smell)

Increase humidification and warming of air

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6
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A hole extending from the base of the skull to the border of the cricoid cartilage

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7
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A 
Opens valve to allow air to pass into trachea
Prevents aspiration (substances entering tract accidently)
Speech production
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8
Q

Explain how the larynx prevents aspiration:

A

The vocal folds close and epiglottis is pushed back to covers the larynx opening

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9
Q

Which respiratory tract structure contains the hyoid bone?

A

Larynx

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10
Q

What is the function of the C shaped caritlage?

A

Maintain the rigid structure of trachea

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11
Q

What is the function of cartilage plates in the bronchi?

A

Helps to keep the bronchus open to keep air supply to lungs

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12
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

Close C shaped cartilage rings during coughing mechanism

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13
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in the bronchi?

A

Regulates diameter of bronchi

Contracts during expiration to help expel air

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14
Q

Why do the bronchioles have no cartilage?

A

The smooth muscle in the wall are more dynamic and able to control the flow of air independently

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15
Q

What are the functions of the trachea?

A

Maintain rigid structure
Constrict during coughing mechanism
Mucociliary transport

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16
Q

What is the function of club cells in the bronchioles?

A

They produce surfactant and enzymes

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17
Q

What is the function of surfactant in the bronchioles?

A

Reduces surface tension to allow expansion and collapsation

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18
Q

Why is there a high concentration of blood vessels in the acinus?

A

So that alveoli are always close to a blood supply to exchange with

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19
Q

What makes up the majority of the alveolar lining?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes, they make up 90% of surface lining

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20
Q

What are pores of Kohn?

A

Channels connecting alveoli to other alveoli

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21
Q

What are channels of Martin?

A

Channels connecting respiratory bronchioles to other respiratory bronchioles

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22
Q

What are channels of Lambert?

A

Channels connecting alveoli to other respiratory bronchioles

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23
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Cells in alveoli which produce surfactant to easily inflate the alveoli due to the reduce surface tension

24
Q

What are the function of pores of Kohn, channels of Martin and channels of Lambert?

A

They allow gas to find alternative routes to by-pass obstructed airways

25
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Thin, squamous cells which allow the exchange of gases

26
Q

What are the three main ways the lungs defence themselves against the body?

A

Physical
Humoral
Cellular

27
Q

What is the physical defence of the lungs?

what mechanisms are there

A 
Filtering at the nasopharynx
Swallowing
Irritant C-fibre ending nerve endings
Cough reflex
Mucociliary clearance
28
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by filtering at the nasopharynx:

A

Hairs in the nose act as a coarse filter for inhaled particles and mucus in the nose traps particles which are swallowed into the gastrointestinal tract

29
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by swallowing:

A

The larynx protects the lungs from aspiration (food/liquids in the lungs)

30
Q

Explain why someone with a neurological issue may develop aspiration pneumonia (in relation to the physical defence of the lungs)

A

The muscles do not co-ordinate in the swallowing and food/liquids can enter the lungs, leading to the development of aspiration pneumonia

31
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by irritant C-fibre nerve endings:

A

These receptors in the bronchi are stimulated and produce a contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi reducing the damage to the lungs

32
Q

What is the humoral defence of the lungs?

what mechanisms are there

A 
Antimicrobial peptides
Surfactant
Immunoglobulins
Complement proteins
Antiproteases
33
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by antimicrobial peptides:

A

Short protein structures with antibacterial properties (such as lysosymes) kill bacteria entering the lungs

34
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by surfactant production:

A

Surfactant protein A is hydrophilic which enhances phagocytosis by macrophages in alveoli

35
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by immunoglobins:

A

Present in the mucus and they defend against specific antigens that may enter the lungs

36
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by complement proteins:

A

Propagate the inflammatory response and acts as chemoattractants for neutrophils to the site of injury

37
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by antiproteases:

A

Digest the destructive proteases released by dead bacteria

38
Q

What is the cellular defence of the lungs?

what mechanisms are there

A

Alveolar macrophages

Neutrophils

39
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by alveolar macrophages:

A

Ingest microbes through phagocytosis then transport to bronchioles for mucociliary clearance
Secretes cytokines to amplify inflammatory response

40
Q

Explain how the lungs are defended by neutrophils:

A

Emigrate from intravascular space to alveolar lumen were bacteria are killed through oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms

41
Q

What are the predominant cells recruited during the acute inflammatory response?

A

Neutrophils

42
Q

What is mucociliary clearance?

A

A unidirectional movement and removal of deposited particles and gases dissolved in the mucus from the respiratory tract

43
Q

Describe the structure of the respiratory epithelium in the mucociliary escalator:

A

A basement membrane contains a ‘dip’ called the submucosal gland
Basement membrane covered by a layer of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
On top of that is the Sol layer and on top of that is the Gel layer

44
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the mucociliary escalator?

A

Secrete mucus

45
Q

What cell hydrates the Sol layer in the mucociliary escalator?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

46
Q

Why does the mucociliary escalator have a Sol layer and Gel layer instead of one layer?

A

The less viscous Sol layer allows the wafting movement of cilia underneath whilst the Gel layer is viscous and sticky to trap particles

47
Q

Explain how the mucociliary escalator works:

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium beat synchronously to waft the gel layer unidirectionally

48
Q

What can inhibit mucociliary clearance?

A

Tobacco smoke
Cold air
Drugs / Medication (general anaesthetic)

49
Q

What pulmonary condition is an example of ineffective mucociliary clearance?

A

Cystic fibrosis, the mucus is extra sticky so cannot be wafted for clearance

50
Q

What initiates the coughing mechanism?

A

Cytokines, Histamine, Foreign bodys, cancers… detected by receptors in the mucosa area then delivered to the medulla via the vagus nerve

51
Q

What efferent and afferent nerves are involved in the coughing mechanism?

A

Efferent: Phrenic, Spinomotor, Recruitment Larangeal

Afferent: Vagus nerve

52
Q

What effector muscles are involved in the coughing mechanism that are activated by the efferent nerves?

A

Respiratory muscle
Laryngeal muscle
Bronchial smooth muscle

53
Q

What happens during the inspiratory phase of the coughing mechanism?

A

We take a large breath in which stretches expiratory muscles and increases pressure inside the lungs

54
Q

What happens during the compression phase of the coughing mechanism?

A

Glottis closes an respiratory muscles contract which dramatically increases pressure in lungs

55
Q

What happens during the expiratory phase of the coughing mechanism?

A

Glottis opens and the air is pushed out sharply due to the high pressure inside the lungs

56
Q

Place the following parts of the coughing mechanism in order:

Inspiratory phase
Detection
Expiratory phase
Medulla
Efferent nerves
Compression phase
Afferent nerve
A 
Detection
Afferent nerve
Medulla
Efferent nerves
Inspiratory phase
Compression phase
Expiratory phase

142 . Human Cardiorespiratory System (8 decks)

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