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142 . Human Cardiorespiratory System > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need to remove CO2?

A

It combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), this dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. These extra hydrogen ions cause the blood to become more acidic

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2
Q

Why may blood becoming more acidic be a problem?

A

Enzymes may become denatured by a pH change

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3
Q

What are the 2 basic respiratory functions (why do we need a respiratory system)?

A

Acquire oxygen for ATP production

Remove CO2 to prevent blood acidity

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4
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Commonly called breathing, the process of inspiration and expiration

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5
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External ventilation
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration

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6
Q

What is external ventilation?

A

Commonly called gas exchange, the process of transferring O2 and CO2 between blood capillaries and alveoli

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7
Q

What is Internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between the blood and cells in the body

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8
Q

What is Cellular respiration?

A

What occurs inside a cell, primarily the mitochondria, where ATP is synthesised

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9
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

Pressure = Force / SA

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10
Q

What effect does increased temperature have on pressure?

A

Increased temperature -> Increased pressure

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11
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

The total pressure of a gas is the sum of individual partial pressures

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12
Q

What effect does increased volume have on pressure?

A

Increased volume -> decreased pressure (Boyle’s Law)

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13
Q

The trachea is an open system, what does this mean in relation to pressure?

A

It is the same as atmospheric pressure as it is exposed to the environment via the buccal cavity

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14
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration, what effect does this have on pressure?

A

It flattens and contracts, increasing volume thus decreasing pressure

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15
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration, what effect does this have on pressure?

A

It relaxes, decreasing volume thus increasing pressure

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16
Q

Why is it important that the intrapleural pressure is always less than the pressure of the alveoli?

A

Alveoli stay expanded

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17
Q

If the pressure in the intrapleural space were to be the same as atmospheric pressure, what might happen?

A

The lung may collapse as the alveoli are no longer staying open and taught

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18
Q

The bucket handle mechanism causes what to happen to the thoracic cavity?

A

lateral diameter increases, thus increasing the thoracic cavity volume

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19
Q

The pump handle mechanism causes what to happen to the thoracic cavity?

A

anteroposterior dimension increases, thus increasing the thoracic cavity volume

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20
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Pull the ribs downwards and inwards

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21
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Pull the ribs upwards and outwards

22
Q

What is the main muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

23
Q

Explain the innervation of the diaphragm:

A 
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
"C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive"
24
Q

What is quiet expiration?

A

The normal pattern of expiration, “at rest”

25
Q

What may cause forced inspiration / forced expiration?

A

Exercise

Respiratory distress

26
Q

What is quiet inspiration?

A

The normal pattern of inspiration, “at rest”

27
Q

What is forced inspiration?

A

Active movements to inspire air from the lungs

28
Q

From a muscular perspective, what occurs during quiet inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Abdominal wall relaxes
Small (external) intercostal movement

29
Q

What is forced expiration?

A

Active movements to expire air from the lungs

30
Q

Explain why a spinal injury at C4 may affect respiration:

A

The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve from roots C3,C4 and C5. Therefore, damage to C4 may affect the diaphragm which would further affect respiration

31
Q

From a muscular perspective, what occurs during quiet expiration?

A

(none) Passive process, all muscles relax as the elastic recoil of the lungs drives air out

32
Q

From a muscular perspective, what occurs during forced inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Abdominal wall relaxes
External intercostals contract
+
Scalene muscles and Sternocleidomastoid contract to raise the ribs anteroposteriorly
Erector spinus muscles contract to arch the back

33
Q

What is the tidal volume (TV) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 0.5L

The amount of air that moves in or out of `1the lungs with each respiratory cycle at rest

34
Q

`What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 1L

The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume

35
Q

From a muscular perspective, what occurs during forced expiration?

A

Contraction of muscles in abdominal wall to displace diaphragm upwards
Quadratus lumborum pulls ribs down / in

36
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 3.3L

The volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after tidal volume

37
Q

What is the vital capacity (VC) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 4.8L
The total volume of air from maximal inhalation to maximal expiration
(VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

38
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity (VC)?

A

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

39
Q

What is the residual volume (RV) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 1.2L

The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after maximal expiration

40
Q

What is the purpose of residual volume?

A

Stops lungs collapsing and makes it easier for them to ‘re-inflate’ during inspiration

41
Q

What is the equation for total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

42
Q

What is the total lung capacity (TLC) and give a typical volume:

A

roughly 6L
The volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration - (cannot be after expiration as residual volume exists)

43
Q

What is the FEV1?

A

FEV1 = Forced Expiratory Volume at 1 sec

How much air can be expired during forceful expiration within the first second

44
Q

What is FVC?

A

FVC = Forced Vital Capacity

The total amount of air a person can expel from their lungs during forced expiration

45
Q

How can you find FEV1 and FVC on a spirometer of forced expiration?

A 
FEV1 = Go up from 1sec on x axis
FVC = Highest point in graph
46
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary function?

A

FEV1 / FVC x 100

47
Q

What is a value for typical pulmonary function?

A

80%

48
Q

What are the two main types of pulmonary disorders?

A

Disruptive

Restrictive

49
Q

What is an obstructive pulmonary disorder?

A

Conditions that make it hard to exhale all the air in the lungs, the lungs become less elastic and more compliant. This makes it harder to expire.

(Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Asthma)

50
Q

What is an restrictive pulmonary disorder?

A

Conditions that make it hard to hold lots of air in the lungs, the lungs become more elastic and less compliant. This makes it harder to inspire.

(Tuberculosis, Interstitial lung diseases, Pulmonary fibrosis)

51
Q

What does the pulmonary function value of someone with an obstructive pulmonary disorder look like, and why?

A

<80%

Their FEV1 is reduced which decreases the pulmonary function value

52
Q

What does the pulmonary function value of someone with an restrictive pulmonary disorder look like, and why?

A

> 80%

Their FVC decreases which increases the pulmonary function value

142 . Human Cardiorespiratory System (8 decks)

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