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142 . human cardiorespiratory system > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body is the heart located?

A

Mediastinum (between the lungs, extending from the sternum to vertebral column)
2 / 3rds to left of the body

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2
Q

Roughly what size is the heart?

A

The size of a clenched fist

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3
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

(Bottom) tip of the left ventricle

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4
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Formed by the atria (mainly left)

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5
Q

What are sulci?

A

A series of grooves which mark the external boundaries between chambers of the heart

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6
Q

What are the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

External boundary between ventricles anteriorly

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7
Q

What are the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

External boundary between ventricles posteriorly

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8
Q

What are the superior chamber/s of the heart?

A

The right and left atria

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9
Q

What are the coronary sulci?

A

External boundary between atria and ventricles

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10
Q

What are the inferior chamber/s of the heart?

A

The right and left ventricles

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11
Q

Which blood vessels enter the right atria?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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12
Q

Which blood vessels exit the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Which blood vessels enter the left atria?

A

4 Pulmonary veins

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14
Q

Which blood vessels exit the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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15
Q

Name the 3 main layers of the heart wall:

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

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16
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

Inner endothelial lining, covering valves

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17
Q

Which structure makes up 95% of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The muscle layer of the heart wall

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19
Q

Why do the atria have less Myocardium tissue than the ventricles?

A

Because they only have to transport blood a small distance (to the ventricles rather than around the whole body) so less contractive force is required and therefore less muscle

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20
Q

How is muscle fibres arranged in Myocardium tissue?

A

Spirally

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21
Q

Why does the left ventricle contain 10-15mm of Myocardium tissue whilst the right ventricle contains less than half at 4 -5mm?

A

Because the left ventricle supplies the majority of the body via the aorta, the right only supplies the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of Myocardium:

A

Short, branching fibres
50-100μm long, 14μm diameter
Fibres connected by Desmosomes (intercalated discs)
Gap junctions

23
Q

What is the function of Gap junctions in the Myocardium?

A

They allow action potentials between fibres to act as a domino effect, causing whole chamber contraction.

24
Q

There is a space in the heart cell wall, between which layers is this gap present?

A

The Parietal pericardium layer and visceral pericardium layer, a.k.a epicardium

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Pericardium?

A 
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium (epicardium)
26
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The outermost heart layer, a triple layered sac which protects the heart and holds it in position

27
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Tough, inelastic, dense connective tissue

28
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

A delicate membrane, made of parietal and visceral layers

29
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Prevents over stretching of valves
Electrical insulator
Point of insertion for cardiac muscle

30
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton?

A

4 dense connective tissue rings surrounding each valve and are fused

31
Q

Where are atrioventricular valves located?

A

Between the atrium and their corresponding ventricles

32
Q

Where are semilunar valves located?

A

Between the ventricles and their corresponding arteries

33
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

A

To control the flow of blood between the ventricles and atria

34
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

To regulate the flow of blood leaving the heart

35
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves called?

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

36
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

37
Q

Where is the mitral valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

38
Q

When do the atrioventricular valves open and close?

A

They close during the start of ventricular systole and open during atrial systole

39
Q

Explain the structure of the tricuspid valve?

A

It consists of three cusps, the anterior, septal and posterior. The base of each cusp is anchored to a fibrous ring that surrounds the orifice

40
Q

Explain the structure of the mitral valve?

A

It is also called the bicuspid valve as it has two cusps, the anterior and posterior. The base of each cusp is anchored to a fibrous ring that surrounds the orifice

41
Q

What are the chordae tendineae?

A

Fibrous cords attached to the atrioventricular valves to free the edges of the valve cusps

42
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

Located on the interior surface of the ventricles, they contract during ventricular systole to prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets into the atria

43
Q

How many papillary muscles are there, and where are they located?

A

5 muscles in total, three in the right ventricle and two in the left ventricle

44
Q

Where are the origins of the coronary arteries?

A

The aortic sinuses

45
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the left ventricle and aortic orifice

46
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary orifice

47
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Supply blood to the heart myocardium tissue

48
Q

What is the function of the Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA)?

A

Blood supply to the left side of the heart muscle

49
Q

What is the function of the Right Main Coronary Artery (RMCA)?

A

Blood supply to the right side of the heart muscle

50
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from?

A

The ascending aorta

51
Q

Where does the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular nodes receive their blood supply from?

A

The Right Main Coronary Artery (RMCA)

52
Q

What are the smaller branches of the Right Main Coronary Artery (RMCA)?

A

Right posterior descending artery

Acute marginal artery

53
Q

What are the smaller branches of the Left Main Coronary Artery (RMCA)?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex artery

142 . human cardiorespiratory system (8 decks)

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