Respiratory System Review Flashcards
What causative agent(s) can induce interstitial pneumonia infections as a common complication in ARABIAN foals with SCID
Pneumocystis carinii (inherited disorder-autosomal recessive trait- lack/ B&T cells) *adenovirus can also can also cause interstitial pneumonia
How do we analyze and investigate pneumoncystosis? (What are the characteristics for diagnosing, what stain, etc.)
Histo: looking for foamy eosinophilic proteinaceous material within alveoli These are fungal! Stain: Gomori’s methenamine silver stain (GMS)
What non-enteric lesions can Rhodococcus equi elicit (MDx)?
Pyogranulomatous enterocolitis; Lymphadenitis
Haemophilus parasuis is the pathogen responsible for what lesions(s) and and is alternatively called “_____’s Disease”
lesions: fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia “Glasser’s Disease”
What’s the difference between upper & lower respiratory tracts?
Upper is OUTSIDE of thoracic cavity (larynx, pharynx,paranasal sinuses, etc.) Lower is INSIDE the thoracic cavity (bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, etc.)
What are the 3 continuous systems of the respiratory tract and what does the lining consist of for each?
1) Conducting System: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi *mucosa is lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium and goblet cells 2) Transitional System: bronchiOLES exclusively!! *these are lined by: Clara cells (detox of xenobiotics); Nonciliated secretory cells; & only a few ciliated cells 3) Exchange System: alveolar ducts and millions of alveoli (thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries[[pulmonary capillaries!]] *alveoli are lined by: epithelial type I (membranous) and type II (granular) pneumocytes
How are the lungs supplied with blood?
Dual blood supply! 1) Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood from R-side of Heart) 2) Bronchial arteries (oxygenated blood)
How are type I and type II pneumocytes different?
Type I are like “weaker” in the sense that they’re more sensitive to damage/injury and can’t perform the regeneration and surfactant production that Type II’s can!
What cells are associated with removing circulating bacteria and other particles from the blood?
Kupffer cells (Liver) & Splenic Macrophages
What are the main 3 differentials of epistaxis in horses?
Ethmoidal hematoma, Fungal infections of the guttural pouch (Guttural Pouch Mycoses), Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)
What are the 3 main mechanisms for Pulmonary Edema?
1) increased hydrostatic pressure (cardiogenic edema) 2) increased vascular permeability (–>injury to blood-air barrier) 3) Obstruction to lymphatic drainage (i.e. Neoplasia involving thoracic lymph nodes or vessels)
What is Atelectasis?
INCOMPLETE EXPANSION (of the lungs or portions thereof…) - Pulmonary parenchyma appears dark-red and sunken in comparison to aerated lung [fleshy tissue, does NOT float] - can be congenital or acquired
How can acquired Atelectasis be divided?
Compressive [et: space-occupying lesions like hydro/hemo-thorax, pleuritis); Massive [et: PNEUMOthorax]; Obstructive [et: inflammation, edema]
What is meconium?
The dark-green mucilaginous material in the INTESTINE of a full term fetus - a mixture of secretions from intestinal glands and amniotic fluid
What is Pulmonary Emphysema?
Permanent enlargement of AIR-SPACES distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of ALVEOLAR WALLS
What is one distinction of pulmonary emphysema in animals from that in humans?
In animals, it’s always SECONDARY to obstruction of outflow of air or atonal at slaughter Animals with Bronchopneumonia: airflow imbalance–>volume of air entering lungs exceeds the volume exiting the lung during expiration - categorized as alveolar or interstitial
Which type of pulmonary emphysema is mainly seen in cattle?
Interstitial
Fibrohemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia with pleuritis that usually does NOT involve the cranial lung lobe in pigs might be attributed to this pathogen…
Actinobacillus!
What parasite is potentially responsible for catarrhal sinusitis (particularly in the paranasal sinuses) in sheep if they proceed to migrate and/or get stuck?
Oestrus ovis (nasal bot in sheep; worldwide distribution) *can penetrate the piriform plate!
True/False: Atrophic rhinitis is a multifactorial disease in growing pigs.
True: Thought to be combined infection of Bordatella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida types A and D
How does P. Multocida cause disease?
Toxigenic strains produce cytotoxins that INHIBIT osteoBLASTIC activity and PROMOTE osteoCLASTIC reabsorption of the nasal turbinates
Fill in the blanks: “The ________ _________ of the __________ nasal turbinate is the area most commonly and consistently affected area of P. multocida infection manifesting.”
Ventral scroll of the Ventral nasal turbinate
What herpesvirus (SHV-2) seems to target pigs 3-5 weeks old and if younger than 3 weeks, results in fatal systemic infection?
Porcine Cytomegalovirus
Staple lesions (MDx) of Feline Herpesvirus 1 infection (aka Feline viral Rhinotracheitis)
Rhinitis, conjunctivitis *in the young/immuno-suppressed, interstitial pneumonia
Feline Calicivirus characteristically causes what two types of glossitis?
Vesicular and/or ulcerative
What is the most common type of pneumonia to affect domestic animals?
Bronchopneumonia
Pig lungs: MDx?
Normal
Name the lesion
ethmoidal hematoma
1/3 most common causes of epistaxis in horses
MDx and Name Dz
Fibrinous Rhinitis
IBR (Bovine Herpesvirus 1)
aka: Calf Diphtheria
Describe the lesion and name the disease
Description: edematous mucosa with hemorrhagic membrane, fibrin and suppurative exudate present
Disease: IBR (BHV-1)
What is a consequence of this SOB?
Cattharal Sinusitis
in this case, of the paranasal sinuses
What is this?
If this was the finding in a very young pig (~3-5 wo), who would we suspect the etiological agent to be?
LG basophilic intranuclear inclusions
- *suspect: Porcine Cytomegalovirus (SHV-2)**
- Inclusion Body Rhinitis*
What’s up, pussycat (Whoa, whoa, whoaaa…)?
:(
[especially seen in young, immunocompromised kittens]
Rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)
FHV-1
can develop interstitial pneumonia
MDx and Etiological agent
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia
FCV
Gross MDx,
Etiology,
Common Name
- MDx**: Suppurative eustachitis (with lymph node and guttural pouch involvement*)
- *Et**: Streptococcus equi
- *Common name**: Strangles
What’s going on here?
What is this “splatter” associated with?
Likely suspect?
mycotic infection of the guttural pouch resulting in epistaxis
- *Arterial hemorrhage**
- *Aspergillus** - because it’s angiotropic
Guttural Pouch Mycosis.
MDx?
Multifocal, ulcerative and necrotizing eustachitis
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
Green arrow is point at what?
arterial hemorrhage
What is this?
What nerves are usually involved?
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
What special stains can we use to visualize the fungi?
Gomori’s Methenamine Silver (GMS)
and Periodic Acid Shiff (PAS)
Sheep
- *MDx**?
- *Et**?
Nasal carcinoma (or adenocarcinoma)
Enzootic Nasal Tumor virus (ENTV, ovine beta-retrovirus)
MDx?
Agent that can cause a secondary infection following trauma or viral infection?
Type of exudate?
Necrotic Laryngitis (calf diphtheria) *Fusobacterium necrophorum* fibrinonecrotic exudate
What is this and what can it lead to?
Bullous emphysema
(cow pulmonary edema emphysema, aka “fog fever”)
can lead to fatal pneumothorax
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae induces this lesion in pigs. What is the MDx and what is the common name of the disease?
suppurative or cattharal bronchopneumonia with BALT hyperplasia
AKA Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia
Parasitic Bronchitis in a pig.
what parasite is pictured here, in the caudal lung lobe?
what’s another MDx?
Metastrongylus spp.
Verminous or Cattharal Bronchitis
The chronic bronchitis pictured in this heifer is a result of what parasite?
What parasite similarly affects goats/sheep?
what about horses/donkeys?
Dictyocaulus viviparus
In sheep/goats: Dictyocaulus filaria
In horses/donkeys: Dictyocaulus arnieldi
