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Path II > Ocular > Flashcards

Ocular Flashcards

1
Q

What is a consequence of Retinal Detachment?

A

Retinal degeneration and atrophy

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2
Q

Primary pathogens causing conjunctivitis are generally rare, but cats are an exception. What are the most common primary pathogens affecting cats?

A

Herpesvirus (FHV-1) Chlamydophilia felis Mycoplasma felis

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3
Q

Term for detectable malformation of the trabecular mesh work (aka filtration angle)

A

Goniodysgenesis

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4
Q

How could lens luxation result in Glaucoma (secondary)?

A

A lens luxation from the destruction of the zonule fibers that suspend it can lead to the lens settling in the filtration angle and causing obstruction; thereby, causing a circulatory disturbance in the flow of aqueous humor and ^IOP

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5
Q

How can glaucoma potentially affect the optic nerve?

A

Atrophy is possible if significant loss of ganglion cells

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6
Q

A foundational distinction between glaucoma and cataracts is the pathological process by which each is categorized. Glaucoma is broadly categorized as a ___________ __________, while cataracts are associated with ___________/_________.

A

Circulatory disturbance; degeneration/necrosis

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7
Q

What is the most common disease of the lens?

A

Cataract

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8
Q

Term for inflammation INSIDE the eye

A

Endophthalmitis

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9
Q

A patient is born with normal eyes, but later in life, develop cataracts. If you have ruled out just about all the most common potential causes, what would be your last differential?

A

Hereditary defect in lenticular metabolism

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10
Q

What is the basic pathogenesis of cataracts?

A

Swelling/degeneration of lenticular fibers leads to opacity

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11
Q

When performing a fundic exam, what might you see if you are suspecting retinal degeneration/atrophy?

A
  • decreased vascularity - optic disc atrophy - changes in tapetal reflection
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12
Q

What metabolic deficiencies can cause retinal degeneration?

A

Taurine, Vit A

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13
Q

What is Progressive Retinal Atrophy?

A

An inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptors cells that can cause retinal degeneration and atrophy

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14
Q

What specific toxicity in cats (medication) might include the side effect of retinal atrophy and degeneration?

A

Enrofloxacin! (Aka Baytril)

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15
Q

What layers are separated in retinal detachment?

A

Neural and pigmented

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16
Q

Term for severe conjunctival edema

A

Chemosis

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17
Q

What ocular feature might a sheep display if suffering from photosensitization?

A

Chemosis

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18
Q

In reference to the corneal response to injury…. If only eroded, epithelial regeneration is very _____. If ulcerated, however, _______ _______ must proceed epithelial regeneration.

A

Rapid; Stromal repair

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19
Q

If chronic/persistent injury has affected the cornea, cutaneous metaplasia may occur. This would be the result of combined efforts including what 5 events that were mentioned in lecture?

A

1) keratinization 2) epithelial hyperplasia 3) pigmentation 4) subepithelial fibrosis 5) vascularization

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20
Q

What bacteria are most commonly associated with causing keratitis?

A

Opportunistic ones (esp Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Primary pathogen: Moraxella bovis Chlamydia/mycoplasma

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21
Q

What viruses are associated with keratitis?

A

IBR, MCF, FHV-1

22
Q

What fungi are associated with keratitis?

A

Aspergillus, mucormycosis

23
Q

Idiopathic etiologies of keratitis include chronic superficial keratitis (aka “______”) in German shepherds, as well as ___________ ________ _______ in boxers.

A

“Pannus” Superficial indolent ulcers

24
Q

What idiopathic form of keratitis do cats get?

A

Eosinophilic

25
Q

“Melting ulcers” is a phrase for….

A

Keratomalacia!

26
Q

What does keratomalacia mean?

A

A term for the necrosis of corneal epithelium and stroma usually due to innocent bystander injury from leukocytes (due to rapidly progressing bacterial infection)

27
Q

Pathogenesis for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca “KCS” or “Dry eye”

A

Immune-mediated injury to lacrimal glands –> decreased tears and/or change in composition of tears –>drying out of cornea/conjunctiva –>chronic irritation

28
Q

What might we see in retinal disease?

A

Loss of vasculature, Loss of neurons in retina: their axons go thru the optic nerve can make nerve smaller Changes in tapetal reflectivity (usually MORE reflective because there’s LESS tissue for the light to go thru)

29
Q

SARD=?

A

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration (Extreme of a PRA: rapidly progressing variant)

30
Q

When would you see “little pillows” on a fundic exam that would indicate retinal detachment?

A

Tissue ballooning out from the optic disc; coming forward from back of the eye

31
Q

What is phthisis bulbi?

A

Basically a shriveled up, end-stage eye; Fibrotic, atrophic shrunken up eye

32
Q

How does phthisis bulbi happen?

A

Full thickness rupture; bacteria/fungus entry; Rampant infection/inflammation on the inside –>fibrotic eye…

33
Q

What is special about corneal sequestrum?

A

Usu. seen in cats; Localized necrosis of epithelium and anterior stroma from severe corneal injury–>porphyrins in the tear film in cats that has a dark pigment –>distinct pigment in lesion

34
Q

Anything that causes injury to the lacrimal gland can yield…

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

35
Q

What is a characteristic of dry eye?

A

Mucoid purulent exudate; gross changes of keratitis

36
Q

What is the term for abnormally scalloped/disfigured pupillary margin

A

Dyscoria

37
Q

Most common cause of blindness in equids

A

Equine recurrent uveitis

38
Q

If you see a cat with hyphema, what would you do?

A

Test thyroid levels!

39
Q

With painful eyes, what signs will we see?

A

Photophobia, epiphera, blepherospasm*

40
Q

Congested blood vessels in the sclera = ?

A

Scleral injection

41
Q

When the sclera is exposed around the limbus, what do we call that?

A

“Prominent eye” Or buphthalmia

42
Q

Common cause of inherited Primary Glaucoma in dogs

A

Goniodysgenesis

43
Q

General cause for Secondary Glaucoma

A

Anything that obstructs the pupil or trabecular meshwork

44
Q

What’s a synechia?

A

Iris leaflet adhesion Anterior: iris leaflet adheres to the inside of the corneal surface - filtration angle is obstructed Posterior: iris leaflet displaces posteriorly and adheres to the surface of the lens capsule Peripheral anterior synechia: at the PERIPHERY of the iris, the iris COLLAPSES toward the corneal surface *ESPECIALLY BAD* ^all compress/obstruct, and thus can result in SECONDARY glaucoma^

45
Q

Inflammatory or Neoplastic exudates can obstruct the filtration angle and result in secondary glaucoma. What is the term for the exudate?

A

Endophthalmitis

46
Q

How can lens luxation result in secondary glaucoma?

A

Zonule fibers break or malform –> Settling in the filtration angle –> obstruction

47
Q

What is striae?

A

Looks like stretch marks in the area of edema in the cornea because descement’s membrane busted

48
Q

How is cataract a consequence OF glaucoma?

A

^IOP –> damage to lenticular epithelial cells/make an osmotic gradient –> they take up more fluid & become opaque grossly –> cataract

49
Q

T or F: Glaucoma can result in lens luxation and lens luxation can result in secondary glaucoma.

A

TRUE.

50
Q

Opacity of the lens (&most common disease of the lens)

A

Cataract

51
Q

Why do cataracts result in opacity of the lens?

A

Swelling of lenticular fibers So when you see cataract, think “how have these lenticular fibers been injured?”

Path II (12 decks)

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