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MAP II Final > Respiratory system: Regulation of Respiration > Flashcards

Respiratory system: Regulation of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Eupnea

A

normal respiratory rate & rhythm

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2
Q

apneustic breathing

A

prolonged inspirations

- gasping!

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3
Q

apnea

A

cessation of breathing

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4
Q

hyperpnea

A

increase in ventilation

ex. after exercise

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5
Q

What are the 3 respiratory centers ? where are they located?

A
  1. dorsal respiratory group - medulla
  2. Pneumotaxic center - pons
  3. ventral respiratory group - medulla
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6
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group control?

A

Inspiration

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7
Q

Where does the DRG get its sensory info from?

A

afferent from vagus and glossopharyngeal N.

  • peripheral chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • receptors in lungs
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8
Q

What is the basic rhythm of respiration controlled by the DRG?

A
  1. action potentials from DRG ramp up and signal inspiratory mm (diaphragm)
  2. signals stop suddenly for 3 sec which stops stimulating the diaphragm to contract –> passive recoil
  3. process repeats
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9
Q

what are the 2 points of control of the respiratory Ramp?

A
  1. rate of increase of the ramp signal.
    - can occur quickly when needed for rapid breathing
  2. End of ramping
    - usual method for controlling rate of respiration
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10
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

A

signals DRG, determines the “TURN OFF” point of inspiratory ramp –> limits inspiration

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11
Q

What will a strong pneumotaxic signal equal?

A

short lung filling time (inhibits DRG)

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12
Q

What will a weak pneaumotaxic signal do?

A

longer lung filling time.

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13
Q

what does limiting the ramp time do?

A

shortens inspiratory time (and therefore, expiratory time) –> overall increase in breathing rate

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14
Q

What does the VRG- ventral respiratory group do? When is it active?

A

with increased need for ventilation, VRG contributes to inspiration and expiration (diaphragm& abdominals)
-normally inactive during quiet breathing

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15
Q

What is the Hering Breuer reflex? How does it work?

A
  • Stretch receptors
  • in walls of bronchi and bronchioles
  • send signals to DRG when overstretched –> turns OFF ramp
  • increases respiratory rate
  • similar to pneumotaxic center
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16
Q

What is the goal of matching ventilation needs of the body?

What are control mechanisms responsive to?

A

maintain appropriate 02, C02, H+

- control mechanisms are responsive to these molecules.

17
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to acute increased what? Where are they?

A

C02 & H+

Medulla

18
Q

_____ is the primary stimulus, but presents across the blood brain barrier as a direct effect of _______

A

H+
CO2
H cannot cross the blood brain barrier, but CO2 can. This means that the main driver is CO2

19
Q

what is the process of the chemoreceptors?

A

increase in blood C02 –> gets into CSF –> reacts with H20 –> forms H+ –> H+ ions stimulate rate and depth of breathing

20
Q

how long does the increased level of C02 last? What is this due to?

A

1-2 days

- due to renal readjustment

21
Q

Change in blood C02 has a ________ acute effect on controlling respiratory drive, but ________ chronic effect after a few days of adaptation

A

strong

weak

22
Q

What effect does 02 have on CNS respiratory centers?

A

no direct effect

23
Q

How does peripheral chemoreceptor system work? Does it have a rapid or slow response?
What will happen to blood Hgb?

A

responds to changes in blood 02

  • sends signals to DRG
  • rapid response to low arterial P02. (especially if P02 falls between 30-60)
  • blood Hgb will decrease in this range.
24
Q

what effect do C02 and H+ have on peripheral receptor response?

A

much less powerful influence.

  • However, peripheral effects of C02 occur 5x faster than central effects. This may be important at onset of exercise.
25
Q

what is acclimatization?

A

Adapting to high altitude

-respiratory center in brainstem loses 4/5 of sensitivity to changes in PC02 & H+ over 2-3 days

26
Q

how does exercise affect ventilation?

A

brain may initially stimulate respiratory center in brainstem when sending motor impulses to working mm –> anticipatory stimulation

27
Q

what are some other influences on ventilation?

A 
pain
pulmonary irritant receptors
proprioceptors
brain edema
anesthesia
28
Q

How does hyperventilation work?

A

increase in rate and depth of breathing, exceeds need to remove CO2

  • get rid of C02 too fast –> urge to breathe decreases
  • low blood C02 (hupocapnia) causes cerebral vasoconstriction
29
Q

How does pulmonary disease work ?

A

retention of C02 can occur (emphysema)

  • PC02 chronically elevated - chemoreceptors adapt
  • reduced P02 acts on peripheral chemoreceptors & provides main stimulus for respiration = hypoxic drive
30
Q

What would be the result of giving pure oxygen to a pt. with emphysema?

A

No hypoxic drive –> no C02 to get rid of –> stop breathing.

MAP II Final (9 decks)

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