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MAP II Final > Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation and Circulation > Flashcards

Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes of the right lung?

A

3 lobes

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2
Q

How many lobes of the left lung?

A

2 lobes

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3
Q

What type of pleura lies against the lung?

A

visceral pleura

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4
Q

What type of pleura lies against the chest wall?

A

parietal pleura

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5
Q

What lies to between the lungs and the chest wall?

A

pleural cavity (w/ small amount of fluid – allows lungs to move)

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6
Q

Tissue type of the lungs?

A

elastic connective tissue (elastic recoil on expiration)

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7
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are separated by what?

A

connective tissue septa

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8
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments receive air from what?

A

individual bronchus

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9
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment has what 2 things?

A

each segment has an artery and vein going into the segment

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10
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of the upper lobe of the right lung (3)

A
  • apical
  • anterior
  • posterior
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11
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of the middle lobe of the right lung (2)

A
  • lateral

- medial

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12
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of the lower (base) lobe of the right lung (5)

A
  • anterior
  • superior
  • lateral
  • posterior
  • medial
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13
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of the upper lobe of the left lung (4)

A
  • apical posterior
  • anterior
  • superior (lingula)
  • inferior (lingula)
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14
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments of the lower (base) lobe of the left lung (4)

A
  • anterior
  • superior
  • lateral
  • posterior
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15
Q

Beginning and end of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal & oral orifices to the false vocal cords in the larynx

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16
Q

Structures of the upper respiratory tract? (4)

A

nose –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx

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17
Q

Beginning and end of the lower respiratory tract?

A

true vocal cords to alveoli

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18
Q

Pathway of lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea –> R & L primary bronchi –> secondary/tertiary bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar duct –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

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19
Q

2 regions of lower respiratory tract?

A
  • conducting zone

- respiratory zone

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20
Q

Function of the conducting zone?

A

getting air down to respiratory zone

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21
Q

Beginning and end of the conducting zone?

A

trachea thru terminal bronchioles

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22
Q

Trachea bifurcates @ what level of the spinal cord?

A

T7

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23
Q

Trachea bifurcates into what?

A

R and L main bronchi

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24
Q

R and left main bronchi divide into what?

A

Lobar bronchi: 3 on right and 2 on left

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25
Lobar bronchi divide into what?
segmental bronchi (tertiary)
26
How many orders of branching air passages?
23
27
What is included in anatomic dead space?
conducting zone + upper airway
28
What is the space in the respiratory passage where gas exchange does NOT occur?
anatomic dead space
29
Function of respiratory zone?
gas exchange
30
Beginning and end of respiratory zone?
begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
31
How much air does the respiratory zone contain at rest?
2.5 L
32
How much air does the respiratory zone contain during max inspiration?
4-6 L
33
What type of tissue cells composes the walls of the alveoli?
single layer of Type I cells (squamous epithelium)
34
The external surface of the alveoli is covered by what?
web of capillaries
35
What comprises the respiratory membrane?
alveoli + capillary walls + fused basement membrane
36
How much O2 leaves the alveoli to go to the blood per minute?
250 ml
37
How much CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli per minute?
200 ml
38
What type of cells secrete surfactant?
Type II cells
39
Amount of anatomical dead space?
150 ml
40
Amount of physiological dead space?
150 ml when healthy
41
When the alveoli close down, they become what kind of dead space?
physiological dead space (up to 1500 ml)
42
Blood supply pathway?
aorta --> bronchiole arteries --> lung tissue --> deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins
43
How do the alveoli receive blood?
get blood nutrients thru capillaries
44
1-2% of cardiac output goes to what?
goes to the bronchial arteries to supply the blood tissue and then flows back through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium
45
What carries deoxygenated blood from the blood tissue and oxygenated blood from the heart?
pulmonary veins
46
Low O2 in alveoli causes what?
capillary constriction
47
What does it mean if Palv > Ppc?
capillaries closed, no blood flow
48
Effects of exercise on blood distribution? (2)
- blood volume increases 4-7 fold | - distend capillaries = increase rate of flow
49
Parasympathetic innervation does what to the airway?
constricts air tubes
50
Ach release from parasympathetic innervation does what?
smooth muscle contraction (increases airway resistance - slow and reduces volume of airflow)
51
Ach inhibitors function?
vasodilation
52
Sympathetic innervation does what to the airway?
dilates air tubes
53
Epi/Norepi release from adrenal medulla following sympathetic innervation does what?
smooth muscle relaxation (reduces airway resistance, enhances flow)
54
Five major functional events of respiration?
- pulmonary ventilation - external respiration - transport of respiratory gases - internal respiration - regulation of respiration/ventilation
55
What event of respiration involves movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
56
Quiet inspiration
contraction of the diaphragm lengthens chest cavity (increases thoracic volume)
57
Quiet expiration
diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape (decrease thoracic volume)
58
Additional inspiration muscles (6)
- external intercostals (elevate the ribs) - SCM - scalenes - serratus anterior - pectoralis minor - erector spinae
59
Additional expiration muscles (2)
- internal intercostals | - rectus abdominus
60
What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760 mmHg
61
Boyle's Law
pressure and volume are inversely related (P1V1 = P2V2)
62
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul or Palv)
alveolar pressure - - wants to equalize with atmospheric pressure - - inspiration: drops about 1 cm H2O - - expiration: rises about 1 cm H2O
63
Palv > Patm
gases flow out of the lungs
64
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
pressure in pleural cavity | -- 4 mmHg lower than atmospheric
65
Transpulmonary pressure
Palv - Pip (difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure) -- keeps air spaces open
66
Atalectasis
hole in lung --> lose negative pressure
67
Pneumothorax
build up of pressure in pleural space --> collapsed lung
68
What is known as the measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure?
lung compliance (distensibility)
69
Function of surfactant?
reduces surface tension of alveoli
70
The _____ the alveolus, the _____ the alveolar pressure caused by surface tension.
smaller, greater
71
Equation for flow
Flow = (change in pressure) / (resistance)
72
Region requires how much energy expenditure?
3-5% total body energy expenditure
73
What makes up Inspiratory capacity?
Inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume
74
What makes up functional residual capacity?
expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
75
What makes up vital capacity?
- Inspiratory reserve volume - tidal volume - expiratory reserve volume
76
Total lung capacity
- inspiratory reserve volume - tidal volume - expiratory reserve volume - residual volume
77
Tidal volume (TV) definition
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
78
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) definition
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
79
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) definition
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
80
Residual volume (RV) definition
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
81
Total lung capacity (TLC) definition
maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
82
Vital capacity (VC) definition
maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
83
Inspiratory capacity (IC) definition
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
84
Functional residual capacity (FRC) definition
volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
85
Alveolar ventilation per minute definition and equation
total volume of new air entering the alveoli and their adjacent gas exchange areas each minute -- Va = Freq x (Vt - Vd)
86
Minute Respiratory Volume equation
RR x Vt

MAP II Final (9 decks)

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