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MAP II Final > Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport in the Blood > Flashcards

Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport in the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of randomly moving molecules making their way back and forth across respiratory membrane?

A

diffusion

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2
Q

What is termed the molecular impact on surface?

A

pressure

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3
Q

What is the term for the pressure exerted by each gas?

A

partial pressure

    • multiple gases in the air
    • rate of diffusion directly related to partial pressure of gas
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4
Q

Partial pressure equation

A

concentration of dissolved gas / solubility coefficient

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5
Q

Direction of net diffusion depends on what? (6)

A
  • pressure difference
  • solubility of gas in fluid
  • cross-sectional area of fluid
  • distance gas must diffuse
  • molecular weight of the gas (smaller = better)
  • temperature of fluid
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6
Q

Diffusion equation

A

(change in pressure x area x solubility coefficient) / (distance to diffuse x square root of molecular weight)

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7
Q

Do respiratory gases diffuse across a membrane easily?

A

yes

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8
Q

What is a limiting factor to rate of diffusion?

A

water

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9
Q

Rate of diffusion thru tissue is similar to what?

A

diffusion thru water

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10
Q

What respiratory gas is constantly being absorbed from alveoli?

A

O2

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11
Q

What respiratory gas is constantly diffusing from blood to alveoli?

A

CO2

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12
Q

What is humidified in the respiratory tract?

A

H2O

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13
Q

How many mmHg of O2 in alveoli?

A

104 mmHg

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14
Q

Amount of O2 in alveoli is controlled by what? (2)

A
  • rate of absorption by pulmonary capillaries

- rate of O2 entry into alveoli via ventilation

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15
Q

How many mmHg of CO2 in alveoli?

A

40 mmHg

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16
Q

Amount of CO2 in alveoli is controlled by what? (2)

A
  • rate of excretion by pulmonary capillaries

- rate of alveolar ventilation

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17
Q

Increase expiration equals what?

A

increase expiration = decrease in CO2 = decrease in PCO2

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18
Q

Amount of PO2 in venous blood of capillary?

A

40 mmHg

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19
Q

Amount of PCO2 in venous blood of capillary?

A

45 mmHg

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20
Q

The amount of O2 in the alveoli can never exceed what?

A

149 mmHg @ sea level if breathing normally

– because that is the max PO2 in the system after it has become humidified

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21
Q 
Diffusion coefficients for the following:
O2
CO2
CO
N2
He
A 
O2 = 1.0
CO2 = 20.3
CO = 0.81
N2 = 0.53
He = 0.95
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22
Q

Alveolar air replacement – how much new air goes into the alveoli with each breath?

A

350 mL

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23
Q

What fraction of alveolar air is replaced by new air with each breath?

A

1/7

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24
Q

Do we have a quick exchange of O2/CO2?

A

No – it is a more tempered response to partial pressures

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25
What causes diffusion to be rapid?
large surface area of respiratory membrane w/ small amount of blood spread throughout
26
Pulmonary capillaries have a large or small diameter?
small diameter
27
What 4 factors is diffusion affected by?
a. thickness of membrane b. surface area of respiratory membrane c. diffusion coefficient d. pressure difference across membrane
28
The volume of gas that will diffuse thru the membrane from the lungs to the blood each minute for a partial pressure difference of 1 mmHg?
Diffusion capacity
29
Diffusion capacity of oxygen at rest? During exercise?
Rest: ~ 230 ml O2/min Exercise: max 3x diffusion capacity
30
Diffusion capacity of carbon dioxide at rest? During exercise?
Rest and exercise: increase proportionately to O2 given that CO2 has a diffusion coefficient > 20x of O2
31
Q =
perfusion
32
Va =
ventilation
33
Va/Q = normal
Va for an alveolus is normal and Q is normal for the same alveolus
34
Va/Q = 0
- Va is zero and there is blood flow | - No gas exchange
35
Va/Q = infinity
- Va is adequate and there is no blood flow | - No gas exchange
36
What do bronchial arteries supply?
supply deep tissues of lungs and do not come into contact w/ lung air
37
Blood from the bronchial arteries to the deep tissues of the lungs returns to the left atrium via which veins?
pulmonary veins
38
What happens when the blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium? Drops PO2 to levels to what?
oxygenated blood mixes with unoxygenated blood and drops PO2 to 95 mmHg
39
How much PO2 in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells?
40 mmHg
40
How much PO2 in cells?
23 mmHg (O2 diffuses from cells to interstitial fluid)
41
How much PO2 in venous return?
40 mmHg
42
How much CO2 flow out of the cell --> interstitial fluid --> capillaries?
45 mmHg
43
Is there a less pressure difference to cause CO2 diffusion than O2 diffusion?
YES
44
How much PCO2 in cells?
46 mmHg
45
How much PCO2 in interstitial fluid?
45 mmHg
46
How much PCO2 in the capillaries?
45 mmHg
47
How much PCO2 in alveolar air?
40 mmHg
48
Decreased blood flow to interstitial fluid _______ PCO2 in fluid
increases
49
Increase in blood flow at interstitial fluid _______ PCO2 in fluid
decreases
50
Increase in metabolism _______ interstitial fluid PCO2 at all blood flow levels
increases
51
How much oxygen does hemoglobin transport from lungs to tissues (hemoglobin saturation)?
97% of O2
52
What does the dissociation curve illustrate?
% of hemoglobin saturated by O2 @ any given point along transport route
53
When O2 binds with hemoglobin, is PCO2 high or low?
high
54
When O2 is released from hemoglobin, is PCO2 high or low?
low
55
What causes the dissociation curve to shift to the RIGHT?
(more O2 to tissues): a. increase blood acidity (lower pH) b. increase CO2 c. increase temperature d. increase BPG e. Bohr effect: increase in H+ and CO2 shifts curve to the right f. exercise
56
What causes the dissociation curve to shift to the LEFT?
(less O2 to tissues): | a. Higher pH
57
O2 leaving the lungs has partial pressure of what?
95 mmHg
58
O2 leaving the tissues has a partial pressure of what?
40 mmHg
59
Hemoglobin saturation percentage of O2 leaving the tissues?
75%
60
How many grams of hemoglobin can carry 20 ml O2 in 100 ml blood?
15g
61
Normal conditions of O2 release from hemoglobin to tissues?
19. 4 ml O2 to tissues | - - leaves tissues with 14.4 ml O2
62
How much O2 is left in tissues per 100 ml blood?
5 ml
63
How much does interstitial fluid PO2 drop during strenuous exercise?
40 mmHg --> 15 mmHg
64
How much O2 is delivered to the tissues during strenuous exercise?
net delivery of 15 ml to tissues ( 3x the normal amount of O2 delivered)
65
How much does PO2 drop in alveoli?
104 mmHg --> 60 mmHg
66
How much does hemoglobin saturation drop in alveoli?
97% to 89%
67
PO2 of tissues?
35 mmHg
68
PO2 in alveoli can increase to what?
500 mmHg
69
hemoglobin saturation cannot increase higher than what percentage?
100%
70
Carbon monoxide poisoning?
- CO combines with Hgb @ same location as O2 | - CO has higher affinity for Hgb than O2
71
What amount of PCO is lethal?
0.6 mmHg
72
What amount of CO2 per 100 ml of blood is transported from tissues to lungs?
4 ml
73
Amount of CO2 in plasma?
7%
74
CO2 combines with H2o to form what?
carbonic acid
75
How much CO2 per 100 ml of blood?
50 ml
76
Normal range of CO2 in tissues?
45 mmHg
77
Normal range of CO2 in arterial blood?
40 mmHg
78
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) compares what?
CO2 output to O2 intake
79
Normal uptake of O2?
5 ml O2 is taken up by the tissues and 4 ml of CO2 transported from tissues to lungs
80
RERE equation
``` RER = (rate of CO2 output) / (rate of O2 uptake) Normal values: a. Carbs: R = 1.0 b. Fats: R = 0.7 c. Carb/Fats/Protein: R = 0.85 ```

MAP II Final (9 decks)

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