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HLSC 222 > Respiratory system part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Describe how tuberculosis affects the body upon transmission

A

Primary exposure can either remain dormant in the body (95% of cases) or become a progressive disease (5% of cases). Then, upon a second exposure, individuals develop secondary tuberculosis disease

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2
Q

Pulmonary disorders can be either __ or ___ or both

A
  • Restrictive (limiting lung volumes)
  • Obstructive (limiting airflow)
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3
Q

Which term refers to alterations that decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, is often due to a decrease in the elasticity of the lungs themselves or caused by a problem related to the expansion of the chest wall during inhalation?

& what are some examples of said disorder?

A

Restrictive lung disease
- Aspiration, pneumonia, & atelectasis (compression, absorption, or surfactant impairment)

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4
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) Which term refers to a type of lung infection that is due to a relatively large amount of material from the stomach or mouth entering the lungs relatively rapid onset. - food, saliva, liquids, or vomit is breathed into the lungs or airways leading to the lungs, instead of being swallowed into the esophagus & stomach?

What are the 2 possible material that are classified in this condition?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

  • Solid particles: = obstruction, & are common with people who have dysphasia (trouble swallowing), or when kids
  • Liquid: Gastric juices causes bronchial damage (bronchospasm), damages alveoli-capillary membrane therefore blood moves into alveoli which results in hemorrhagic pneumonitis
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5
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) What are some predisposing factors of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Altered level of consciousness (LOC), seizure disorders, dysphagia,

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6
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) What are some manifestations or symptoms of aspiration pneumonia

A
  • Sudden onset of choking and intractable cough, fever, & dyspnea
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7
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) Which term refers to the collapse or closure of a lung alveoli in reduced or absent gas – unilateral – part or all of one lung – alveoli are deflated to little or no volume? Occurring from a blocked airway (obstructive) or pressure from outside thelung(non-obstructive). Also, general anesthesia is a common come of atelectasis.

& what are the 3 reasons for said condition?

A

Atelectasis

  • Compression, absorption, & surfactant impairment
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8
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) Describe compression, absorption, & surfactant impairments & how they are reasons for atelectasis

A
  • Compression: External pressure, such as a tumour, fluid or air in pleural space or obese abdomen pushing up diaphragm, causing alveoli collapse
  • Absorption: Less gas enters the alveolus than is removed by uptake by the blood, such as when the bronchi is obstructed
  • Surfactant impairment: Surfactant lowers surface tension preventing collapse – decreased production or impairment – premature birth, mechanical ventilation, & anesthesia all impair surfactant
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9
Q

(Restrictive lung disease) What are some manifestations or symptoms of atelectasis?

A

Dyspnea, cough, fever, &/or leukocytosis (increased in WBC)

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10
Q

(Obstructive lung disease) Which term describes the most common long-term inflammatory disease of the bronchial mucosa, caused by bronchial hyper-responsiveness (type 1 hypersensitivity), constriction, obstruction? Also, a familial disorder

& what are some characteristics of said condition?

A

Asthma
- Variable and recurring symptoms (attacks)
- Reversible airflow obstruction
- Easily triggered bronchospasms

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11
Q

(Obstructive lung disease) What are some predisposing factors of asthma?

& list some of the clinical manifestations or symptoms

A
  • Levels of allergen exposure, air pollution, tobacco smoke, & recurrent respiratory infections
  • Episodes of wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, , increases in heart rate & breathing rate, & anxiety
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12
Q

(Obstructive lung disease) What is the obstruction to airflow in asthma is caused by?

A
  • Mucosal edema & increased mucus secretion (cell debris)
  • Bronchospasm
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13
Q

Which term refers to a life-threatening long-lasting asthmatic attack that does not respond to normal treatment?

& what are some manifestations or symptoms of said state?

A

Status Asthmaticus

  • Persistent shortness of breath, inability to speak in complete sentences (silent chest), agitation, confusion, accessory muscle use, & possible decrease in wheezing
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14
Q

Which term refers to a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems & airflow limitation? Also, chronic bronchitis & emphysema are under this category

What are the main symptoms?

& what are some risk factors?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Shortness of breath (cant get enough air in) & chronic cough with sputum production
  • Smoking, air pollution, & recurrent lung infection
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15
Q

(COPD) Which term refers to mucociliary dysfunction, caused by smoking usually, due to long-term inflammation of the bronchi?

& describe the processes that occur in this disorder

A

Chronic bronchitis (blue bloaters)

  • Starts in large bronchi, & will eventually affect more =>This chronic inflammation causes bronchial edema – increase in mucus & narrowing of airways: Where less oxygen in & less CO2 out=> V/Q mismatch (shunt)
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16
Q

(COPD) What are some signs & symptoms of chronic bronchitis

& how is it treated?

A
  • Hypersecretion of mucus & chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year – 2 consecutive years, then Its diagnosed as chronic bronchitis
  • Such as Bronchodilators, mucolytics, & anti-inflammatory medications
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17
Q

(COPD) Which term refers to the elastin breakdown due to inflammatory responses of the alveolus=> V/Q deficit? Where the walls between the alveolus are destroyed, the sac is not able to be expanded & recoiled due to elastin breakdown. There is a huge V/W deficit due to loss in surface area. Also, decrease in oxygen in our blood circulation, hypoxemia, & increased Co2 in the blood. Usually due to tobacco smoking

A

Emphysema (pink puffers)

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18
Q

(COPD) Explain the correlation between smoking & emphysema

A
  • When harmful particles such as carcinogens from smoke are trapped into the alveolus, an inflammatory response is triggered. These inflammatory chemicals dissolve the alveolar septum, causing a large air cavity lined with carbon deposits formed, called emphysema
19
Q

(COPD) what are some manifestations of emphysema?

A
  • Dyspnea, pink skin, accessory muscle use, cachexia, tachypnea, & “barrel chest”
20
Q

Which term refers to a condition caused by excess fluid in the alveoli, where this fluid collects in the numerous alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, which decreases the surface for gas exchange?

List the reasons for this condition

A

Pulmonary edema

  • Heart problems (In most cases): such as congestive heart failure
  • Capillary injury: Which increases permeability
  • Obstruction of the lymphatic system: Due to tumours or fibroids
21
Q

What are some of the manifestations or symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A
  • Dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased work of breathing; Inspiratory crackles (abnormal sounds), dullness to percussion to lower lobes; If this situation progresses, some blood cells will be pushed in alveoli space, causing pink frothy sputum (in severe pulmonary edema)
22
Q

Which term refers to a rapid onset of pulmonary edema, caused by a massive myocardial infarction?

A

Flash Pulmonary Edema

23
Q

Which term refers to inherited disorder caused by a change, or mutation, in a gene called CFTR, where this gene controls the flow of salt & fluids in & out of your cells; If the CFTR gene doesn’t work the way it should, a sticky mucus builds up in your body (such as lungs & GI)?

Why is this sticky mucus a main problem?

A

Cystic fibrosis
- CTFR (Cystic fibrosistransmembrane conductance regulator)

  • Becuase it creats an ideal environment for pathogens & infections within organ systems (lungs)
24
Q

Why is cystic fibrosis classified as a multi-organ disorder? (more specifically the lungs)

A

Lungs: Mucus plugging, chronic inflammation & chronic infection – 75% of CF patients have bacteria colonization – that is why they are at great risk to each other

GI tract as well is affected

25
Q

(Malignancies of Respiratory Tract) Which term refers to a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx, where the use of tobacco products and tobacco products combined with alcohol can affect the risk of this disease

& what are the symptoms of said disease?

A

Laryngeal Cancer (more in men)

  • Hoarseness (voice sounds raspy), dyspnea, cough, & can result in voice loss
26
Q

(Malignancies of Respiratory Tract) What are the 2 main categories of lung cancer called?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer (75% of all lung cancers) & small cell lung cancer (neuroendocrine tumours) tends to be more aggressive

27
Q

(Malignancies of Respiratory Tract) List & describe the sub types of non-small cell lung cancer

A
  • Adenocarcinoma: (Most common form) Arising from glands, where 35 to 40% of bronchogenic carcinomas arise in periphery of lung (outer regions of the lungs). It can be asymptomatic, & shows up on routine chest x-rays, where you may have pleuritic pain
  • Squamous cell carcinoma: Associated with smoking & COPD, producing a nonproductive cough or hemoptysis, & chest pain is late symptom, although it tends to cause early symptoms
  • Large cell carcinoma: (undifferentiated) It tends to grow rapidly & cause late symptoms. Usually beginning in the outer edges of the lungs.
28
Q

(Malignancies of Respiratory Tract) Describe large cell lung cancer

A
  • Neuroendocrine tumours: With the highest correlation to smoking – central present at stage IV cancer with poor prognosis
29
Q

Describe how lung cancer develops & spreads

A

Due to multiple exposure of carcinogens to the bronchial mucosa, the epithelial cells change. Metaplasia to carcinoma in situ & finally invasive carcinoma. Invasion of surrounding tissues & eventually metastasis (most common site of metastases is the other lung) – then brain, bone marrow, and liver

30
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which term refers to a contagious viral infection that causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes, similar to chronic bronchitis, where the tubes get infected, & swell?

Mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them, narrowing the airways.

& what are the manifestations of said disorder?

A

Acute bronchitis

  • Fever, cough, chills, & malaise (feeling of discomfort or illness) like pneumonia
31
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which term refers to an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, where the air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, & difficulty breathing?

List & describe the categories of pneumonia

A

Pneumonia

  • Community acquired pneumonia (CAP): 36% of admissions require critical care, with a higher mortality rate, causing it to be the 8th leading cause of death in Canada
  • Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP )– (Nosocomial): 2nd most common health care associated infection
  • Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP): ¼ of patients requiring ventilation will develop a VAP
  • Health-care associated pneumonia (HCAP): recently admitted to hospital, resident of long-term care or extended care – growing group of cases 1/3 # of admissions
32
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) What is the most common & lethal type of pneumoniae called?

Describe its characteristics & mechanism of action

& how does the body fight against this infection?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcal Pneumonia)

  • It has capsules that make phagocytosis difficult & releases toxins that directly damages airway & alveoli
  • Nasopharynx and oropharynx are first line of defense, then the airway epithelial cells, & lastly the alveolar macrophages
33
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which term refers to viruses leading to pneumonia?

Describe said term

& list examples

A

Viral pneumonia

  • Viral pneumonia is seasonal & usually mild but when combined with viral infections, such as COVID-19; it can pose a considerable threat & can also set up for a secondary bacterial infection

Ex. Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, & COVID-19

34
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which term refers to when the air that usually fills the small airways in your lungs is replaced with something else; where depending on the cause, the air may be replaced with: a fluid, such as pus, blood, or water? Or a solid, such as stomach contents or cells.

A

Consolidation

35
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) What is the most common route of lower respiratory infection?

List risk factors for respiratory tract infection (Pneumococcal pneumonia)

A
  • Aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions
  • Age, compromised immunity, lung disease, alcoholism, altered Level of consciousness (LOC), impaired swallowing smoking, Endotracheal tube (ETT), malnutrition, immobilization, & long-term care residence
36
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) What are some manifestation or symptoms of Pneumococcal Pneumonia?

A
  • Start with a viral upper respiratory tract infection=develop fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, & pleural pain
  • Then, pulmonary consolidation, dullness to percussion, inspiratory crackles, & increased tactile fremitus
37
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which family of viruses causes respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) & Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

What are some signs & symptoms of said virus?

& how is it spread?

A

Coronavirus

  • Fever, dry cough, fatigue, less aches & pains, sore throat, conjunctivitis, & loss of taste or smell
  • Spread through droplets from nose or mouth
38
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Which term refers to the leading cause of death from a curable infection in the world caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted through airborne particles?

& what are some predisposing factors of said infection?

A

Tuberculosis

  • Homelessness, poor housing, substance abuse, & lack of access to medical screening & care
39
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Summarize how immune responds to a tuberculosis infection

& list the signs or manifestations of tuberculosis

A

Phagocytes engulf the bacilli, which can survive within macrophages & forms a granulomatous lesion called a tubercle. Infected tissue within the tubercle die, causing caseous necrosis to occur (Which is a condition of cellular death that usually occurs in the lungs. When the lung cells die, they begin to take on a crumbly, dull white appearance that resembles cheese)

  • Symptoms come on slowly: – Fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, low grade fever, productive cough for thick purulent sputum, can develop into dyspnea, chest pain, & hemoptysis
40
Q

(Respiratory Tract Infections) Describe how tuberculosis affects the body upon transmission

A

Primary exposure can either remain dormant in the body (95% of cases) or become a progressive disease (5% of cases). Then, upon a second exposure, individuals develop secondary tuberculosis disease

41
Q

(Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children) Which term refers to laryngotracheobronchitis, which interferes with normal breathing & produces a barking cough, that is mostly caused by influenza virus & respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

& what are some signs & symptoms of said alteration?

A

Croup

  • “steeple” sign (narrowing of the airway) & braking cough
42
Q

(Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children) Which pulmonary alteration can cause upper airway obstruction, & can develop an abscess that needs to be drained?

A

Tonsilitis infections

43
Q

(Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children) Which term refers to objects lodged in the larynx, trachea, or bronchi; affecting children between the ages of 1-4?

& what are some symptoms of said alteration?

A

Aspiration

  • Cough, stridor (noisy breathing), hoarseness or inability to speak
44
Q

(Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children) Which term refers to an acute infection or inflammation of the lower airways, which is common in infants and toddlers, & is due to a viral illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

A

Bronchiolitis

HLSC 222 (19 decks)

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