Gastrointestinal system pt 2 Flashcards by Mohab sha

(Inflammatory disorders) Which term refers to herniations or saclike outpouchings of the mucosa and submucosa through the muscle layers, usually in the wall of the sigmoid colon?

The cause is idiopathic (most of the time), & can be however, related to increased intracolonic pressure (such as constipation), abnormal neuromuscular function, & alterations in intestinal motility

Diverticula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Which term refers to an asymptomatic diverticular disease?

Diverticulosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Which term represents the inflammation stage in diverticulosis?

Diverticulitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Older age, genetic predisposition, obesity (Can increase pressure within digestive system, especially visceral obesity), changes in digestive motility as well, smoking, low fiber diet, sedentary lifestyle, & meds such as aspirin and NSAIDS are predisposing factors of..?

Diverticular disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Symptoms of diverticular disease may be __ or ___ (___) , ___ ___ in lower abdomen, __, ___, ___ or flatulence may occur

Vague; Absent; Asymptomatic; Cramping pain; diarrhea; constipation; distention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
fever, leukocytosis (increased white blood cell count), and tenderness of the lower-left quadrant, are all symptoms of…?

Diverticulitis, the inflamed stage of diverticular disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Which term refers to an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which is a projection from the apex of the cecum?

It is the most common surgical emergency of the abdomen, usually occurs between 10 and 19 years of age

Appendicitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Obstruction of the lumen with stool, tumours, or foreign bodies with consequent bacterial infection is the most common theory of the causes of ___?

Appendicitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Inflammatory disorders)
Gastric or periumbilical pain is the typical symptom of..?

initially – __ ___ ___, cramping sensation
Over 24 hours – pain becomes more localized in __
Will also see anorexia, nausea or ____, ___ ___, ___ tenderness on ___

An inflamed appendicitis
vague epigastric pain; right lower quadrant (RLQ);
Vomiting; low-grade fever; rebound; palpation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to an increase in body fat mass and a metabolic disorder, defined as a BMI>30?

It is also associated with higher all-cause mortality, increasing the risk for all diseases

How is BMI calculated?

Obesity
- (BMI = kg/m2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)–> Causes of obesity

The causes of obesity are complex and involve the interaction of ___ which is a substance produced by ___ ___ and other body weight control signals at the level of the ____.

Metabolic dysregulation includes ___ resistance, __ resistance, and a ___ ___ that contribute to the complications of obesity

Adipokines; fat cells; hypothalamus
Leptin; Insulin; Proinflammatory state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
What are the two different forms of adipose tissue distribution called in obesity?

Viceral & peripheral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to when the distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper body, resulting in an “apple shape” or “Android type”?

Visceral obesity (also known as intra-abdominal, central, or masculine obesity)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to when the distribution of body fat is extraperitoneal and distributed around the thighs and buttocks and through the muscle, resulting in a “pear shape”, and is more common in women.

Peripheral obesity (also known as gluteal-femoral, feminine, or subcutaneous obesity)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to individuals with normal body weight and BMI with percentage of body fat greater than 30%.?

Normal weight obesity (NWO)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to individuals who are obese but have no metabolic-obesity–associated complications and decreased risk for morbidity and mortality?

Where it delays…?

Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO)
- Obesity-related complications until an older age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
__ __ and __ __ __ increase the risk of developing systemic inflammation, dyslipidemia, & insulin resistance with predisposition to atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, & type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Visceral obesity; Normal weight obesity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to the lack of nourishment from inadequate amounts of calories, protein, vitamins, or minerals and is caused by improper diet, alterations in digestion or absorption, chronic disease, or a combination of these factors?

Malnutrition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to the reduction in energy intake leading to weight loss (an extreme state of malnutrition)?

This term also has 2 phases which are called..?

Starvation
- Short-term & long-term starvation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to the total dietary abstinence or deprivation for 3 or 4 days?

Once all available energy has been absorbed from the intestine, glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose through ____, the metabolism of glycogen into glucose. This process peaks within 4 to 8 hours, and ____ begins. ___ is the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules: depletion of stored nutrients (proteins & lipids)

Short-term starvation, or extended fasting

Glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis; gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to what follows several days of dietary abstinence, which involves the breakdown of ketone bodies and fatty acids to make energy which will create acidosis; & eventually, proteolysis (protein breakdown) begins, and death ensues if nutrition is not restored?

Long-term starvation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to what can be defined as thepotentially fatal shifts in fluids & electrolytes(hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, & hypokalemia) that may occur in malnourished patients receiving artificial refeeding (whether enterally or parenterally), where these shifts result from hormonal (insulin release) & metabolic changes & may cause serious clinical complications?

Refeeding syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Disorders of nutrition)
Which term refers to the physical wasting associated with chronic disease such as cancer, TB?

Cachexia (also known as cytokine-induced malnutrition)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The accessory organs of the digestive system are..?

The liver & portal veins, gall bladder, & pancreas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which term refers to the system which drains the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver?

Portal venous system (PVS)

(Liver diseases) Which term refers to an irreversible inflammatory and fibrotic liver disease, causing widespread destruction of hepatic cells or hepatocytes? An inflammatory disease of the liver that causes fibrosis, and nodular regeneration.

Cirrhosis

(Liver diseases) Cirrhosis can result from __ or exposure to __, such as ___ (a product of ___ ___). These 2 being the main causes The disease causes progressive irreversible liver damage, usually over a period of years, where the severity and rate of progression depend on the cause

Hepatitis; toxins; acetaldehyde; alcohol metabolism

(Liver diseases) Which term is related to the toxic effects of alcohol & coexisting liver disease, & is more prevalent in middle aged men compared to women, but women develop more severe injury than men? However, not all alcoholics will develop cirrhosis, only ___ will

Alcoholic liver disease - 25%

(Liver diseases) The spectrum (3 stages) of alcoholic liver disease includes..?

Alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic steatohepatitis, & alcoholic cirrhosis

(Liver diseases) Which term is characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat inside the liver cells, making It it hard for the liver to function properly, but is reversible if patient stops drinking? (mildest form of alcoholic liver disease, & is asymptomatic)

Alcoholic fatty liver (steatosis)

(Liver diseases) Which term is characterized by the inflammation of the liver leading to the degeneration of liver cells (haptic cells), where this stage might last for some years and is reversible but will eventually progress to an irreversible fibrous if the patient continues to drink?

Alcoholic steatohepatitis (alcoholic hepatitis)

(Liver diseases) Which term is characterized by cell damage that initiates an inflammatory response that results in excessive collagen formation creating permanent Fibrosis & scarring alter the structure of the liver and obstruct biliary duct and vascular channels?

Alcoholic cirrhosis

(Liver diseases) Alcoholic cirrhosis impairs the hepatocytes’ ability to __ fatty acids, synthesize __ & __, degrade __, & clear portal blood of __ & __. The inflammatory response includes excessive __ formation, __, & scarring, which obstruct bile canaliculi & sinusoids. Bile obstruction causes __. Vascular obstruction causes __ __, __, and __.

- Oxidize; enzymes; proteins; hormones; ammonia; toxins. - Collagen; Fibrosis - Jaundice; portal hypertension; shunting; varices

(liver diseases) Which term refers to a systemic viral disease that primarily affects the liver, caused by a strain of the hepatitis virus (i.e., hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis E virus), where they differ with respect to modes of transmission & severity of acute illness; which all can cause hepatic cell necrosis, Kupffer cell (liver macrophages) hyperplasia, & infiltration of liver tissue by mononuclear phagocytes, also these changes obstruct bile flow and impair hepatocyte function? Which one is a reportable disease? & which are the most severe

Viral hepatitis - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis B & C

(Liver diseases) Manifestations of viral hepatitis depend on the..? Which are..?

Stage of infection -Stage1: Prodromal (preicteric) phase - Stage 2: Icteric phase - Stage 3: Recovery phase

(Liver diseases) Which stage of viral hepatitis is includes these following manifestations: Fever, malaise, & anorexia

Stage1: Prodromal (preicteric) phase

(Liver diseases) Which stage of viral hepatitis is includes these following manifestations: Jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, & liver enlargement and tenderness

Stage 2: Icteric phase

(Liver diseases) Which stage of viral hepatitis is includes these following manifestations: Symptoms resolve which takes several weeks (return of normal liver function 2-12 week after jaundice)

Stage 3: Recovery phase

(Liver diseases) Chronic hepatitis can occur with..?

Hepatitis B,C, & D

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to high blood pressure in the portal venous system, caused by disease that obstructs or impedes blood flow in any part of the portal venous system including the vena cava such as cirrhosis of the liver or viral hepatitis that cause inflammation or fibrosis, or cardiac disorders that impair pumping ability of the right side of the heart? List the long-term pathological complication of said term

Portal hypertension - Varices, splenomegaly, ascites, & hepatic encephalopathy

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to distended, tortuous collateral veins, caused by prolonged elevation of pressure in the portal vein causing collateral veins to open between the portal vein & systemic veins, particularly in the lower esophagus and stomach, where it is life threatening if ruptured?

Varices

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to an enlargement of the spleen caused by increased pressure in the splenic vein, which branches from the portal vein, where thrombocytopenia is the most common symptom of this complication?

Splenomegaly

(Complications of liver disease) What is the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension?

- Vomiting of blood (hematemesis) from bleeding esophageal varices

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, where body fluid is trapped in the peritoneal space, from which it cannot escape and reduces amount of fluid available for normal physiological functions? Biggest cause is __, but can also be caused by heart failure, constrictive pericarditis (thickened, fibrotic pericardium), abdominal malignancies, nephrotic syndrome (pass too much protein in urine), decreased synthesis of albumin in liver & portal hypertension => capillary hydrostatic pressure to ___ capillary osmotic pressure pushing water into the __ ___

Ascites - Cirrhosis; exceed; peritoneal cavity

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to the complex neurological syndrome characterized by impaired behavioural, cognitive, and motor function that occurs as a result of severe liver disease, where the liver can’t adequately remove toxins from your blood causing a buildup of toxins in your bloodstream? Which can develop quickly in __ or slowly in ___

Hepatic encephalopathy (portal-systemic encephalopathy) - Hepatitis; cirrhosis

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to a yellow or greenish pigmentation of the skin or sclera of the eyes caused by increases in plasma bilirubin concentration (hyperbilirubinemia)?

Jaundice, or icterus

(Complications of liver disease) Which term is caused by obstructed bile canaliculi (intrahepatic __ ___) or obstructed bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic ___ ___), where bilirubin accumulates proximal to the sites of obstruction, enters the bloodstream, and is carried to the skin and deposited, due to liver inflammation, gallstones, or tumours?

Obstructive jaundice

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to when the rate of destruction of red blood cells exceeds the liver’s ability to metabolize unconjugated bilirubin?

Hemolytic jaundice (prehepatic or nonobstructive jaundice)

(Complications of liver disease) Which term refers to functional kidney failure in the absence of kidney disease that develops as a complication of advanced liver disease, where decreased blood flow to the kidneys causes oliguria, sodium & water retention, peripheral edema, & hypotension?

Hepatorenal syndrome

(Disorders of the Gallbladder) ___ form in the bile as a result of the aggregation of cholesterol crystals (cholesterol stones) or precipitates of unconjugated bilirubin (pigmented stones). ___ that fill the gallbladder or obstruct the cystic or common bile duct cause abdominal pain and jaundice.

Gallstones

(Disorders of the Gallbladder) Gallstone formation is termed __. Inflammation of the gallbladder or cystic duct is known as __.

Cholelithiasis; cholecystitis

(Disorders of the Gallbladder) Obesity, middle age, female gender, use of oral contraceptives, rapid weight loss, First Nations ancestry, genetic predisposition, and gallbladder, pancreatic, or ileal disease are risk factors for ...?

Cholelithiasis

(Disorders of the Gallbladder) Gallstones are of three types, depending on chemical composition:

Cholesterol (70-80% cholesterol and the most common), pigmented (black [hard] & brown [soft]; and mixed

(Disorders of the gallbladder) Gallstones or cholelithiasis can be __ or can have epigastric & right upper quadrant pain and an intolerance for __ __, __, __, __ __, & food intolerances, particularly to fats & __

Asymptomatic; fatty food; heartburn; flatulence, epigastric discomfort; cabbage

(Disorders of the gallbladder) Which term can be acute or chronic, but both forms are almost always caused by a gallstone lodged in the cystic duct, where this obstruction causes the gallbladder to become distended & inflamed, in which the pressure against the distended wall of the gallbladder decreases blood flow and may result in ischemia, necrosis, & perforation? Signs & symptoms include: Fever, __, __ __, & ___ ___ __

Cholecystitis - Leukocytosis; rebound tenderness; abdominal muscle guarding

Which term refers to inflammation of the pancreas, is a relatively rare and potentially serious disorder, where the incidence is about equal in men and women, is more common between 50 and 60 years of age, and is more likely to occur in Blacks.? Risk factors include: Cholelithiasis, alcoholism, obesity, peptic ulcers, trauma, dyslipidemia, hypercalcemia, smoking, certain medications, & genetic factors (hereditary ___, cystic fibrosis) It can either be..?

Pancreatitis -Acute or chronic

Which term refers to a usually a mild disease that resolves spontaneously, due to an obstruction to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile & pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones)? It can also results from direct cellular injury from __, __, or __ __

Acute pancreatitis - Alcohol; medication; viral infection (hepatitis)

Manifestations of acute pancreatitis include: constant mild to severe epigastric pain which may radiate to the back, fever, increased WBC count (leukocytosis), __ & __, & ___

Nausea; vomitting; jaundice

Which term refers to the process of progressive fibrotic destruction of the pancreas, with alcohol abuse being the most common cause, & obstruction from gallstones, smoking, and genetic factors increase also the risk for said condition? The pancreatic parenchyma is destroyed and replaced by __ tissues, __, ductal __, & pancreatic ___.

Chronic pancreatitis - Fibrous; calcification; obstruction; cysts

Manifestations of chronic pancreatitis include ...?

Intermittent or continuous abdominal pain & weight loss

(Cancer of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract) In terms of cancers in GI tract, which gender has a higher prevelance? Liver cancer is uncommon in ..? Where the pancreatic cancer is the only one higher in..?

- Men - Women - Women

(Cancer of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract) Which type of cancer is rare, and is characterized by squamous cell carcinoma & adenocarcinoma, associated with cigarette smoking, obesity, & chronic gastric reflex? More prevalent in __ Risk factors include..?

Cancer of the esophagus or esophageal cancer - Men - Malnutrition, alcohol, & tobacco

(Cancer of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract) Which type of cancer has been on a steady decline, due to improvement of diets, decreasing smoking & alcohol use, & recognition & treatment of the H.Pylori bacteria? Fatality rate is 75%, being more prevalent in __. Its asymptomatic until ____ which produces symptoms

Cancer of the stomach or gastric cancer - Asia; metastasized

(Cancer of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract) Which type of cancer is characterized with a strong genetic connection, such as family history of said cancer puts you at greater risk, but can also be caused by eating red meat, fatty foods, processed meat, inflammatory bowel disease, & diverticulitis? Which term refers to a projection arising from the mucosal epithelium or abnormal tissue growth?

Cancer of the colon & rectum or colorectal cancer - Polyp, or papilloma

(Cancer of the GI tract) --> Colorectal cancer The most common types of polyps are ..? Which term refers to premalignant lesions? The larger the ___, the greater the risk for ___ ___

- Hyperplastic (a non-neoplastic, or benign, polyp) - Neoplastic polyps - Polyp; Colorectal cancer

(Cancer of the GI tract) Symptoms of __ __ depend on the location, size, and shape of the lesion and are silent in the early stages

Colorectal cancer

(Cancer of the GI tract) Most common location for colorectal cancer is..? Tumours on the ascending colon produce ___ coloured stool, while tumours on the descending, sigmoid & rectum colon produce __ coloured stool

- The ascending colon - Dark red or mahogany-coloured blood; Bright red blood

(Cancer of the GI tract)--> Colon cancer staging Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ): The cancer cells are only in the __ __ of the colon or __ ___. The cancer cells have not grown past the __ layer of the mucosa. Stage 1: The tumour has grown into the layer of __ __ that surrounds the mucosa (__) or into the thick outer __ layer of the colon or rectum (__ __). Stage 2: Involves __ – or into tissues beyond the __ layer into other organs Stage 3: There are cancer cells in __ __ near the colon or rectum. Stage 3 can be divided into stages 3A, 3B and 3C depending on __ the tumour has grown and how many __ __ have cancer. Stage 4: The cancer has spread to __ __ of the body (called __ __), such as to the __ or __. This is also called __ colorectal cancer.

- Inner lining; rectum (mucosa); muscle - Connective tissue; submucosa; muscle; muscularis propria - Serosa; muscle - Lymph nodes; where; lymph nodes - Other parts; distant metastasis; liver; lungs; metastatic

(Cancer of the GI tract) Which type of cancer is characterized with risk factors such as hepatitis B,C,D or cirrhosis? The primary carcinomas of said cancer are..?

Liver cancer - Hepatocellular or cholangiocellular

(Cancer of the GI tract) Which term refers to cancer developing in the hepatocytes, & can either be and can be ___ (consisting of multiple, discrete nodules), ___ (consisting of a large tumour mass having satellite nodules), or __ (consisting of small nodules distributed throughout most of the liver) Because carcinoma of the liver invades the hepatic & portal veins, it often spreads to the ___ & __.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) - Nodular; massive; diffuse - Heart; Lungs

(Cancer of the GI tract) Which type of cancer develops in the bile ducts & represents less than 1% of liver cancers?

Cholangiocellular carcinoma

(Cancer of the GI tract) ___ ___ is asymptomatic at the beginning can develop symptoms slowly or abruptly, such as nausea & vomiting, fullness, pressure, dull ache in RUQ, sudden worsening of portal hypertension, & ascites if there is an obstruction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

(Cancers of the GI tract)--> Liver cancer Stages: 1 - ___ section involved; __ adjoining sections are tumor free. 2 - __ or __ sections involved; __ adjoining sections are tumor free. 3 - __ or __ sections involved; __ adjoining section is tumor free 4 - ___ sections involved.

- One; three - One; Two; Two - Two; Three; one - Four

(Cancers of the GI tract) Which type of cancer is has the lowest survival rate of all major cancers, where incidence rate rises with age, with mortality nearly 100% at 5 years? Risk factors include: smoking, high-fat foods, processed meat, obesity, diabetes mellites, chronic pancreatitis, & family history

Pancreatic cancer

(Cancers of the GI tract) Manifestations of pancreatic cancer in the early stages are __. When symptoms occur there usually has been a __ __. Typically, vague upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back. ___ arises in most cases, usually caused by obstruction of the bile duct. Because obstruction impairs __ __ and flow to the duodenum, pancreatic cancer causes __ & __ malabsorption, resulting in weight loss. Distant metastases are found in the cervical lymph nodes, the __, and the __. Most individuals die of __ __, __, or ___ diseases.

- Asymptomatic - Malignant transformation; Jaundice; enzyme secretion; fat; protein; lungs; brain; hepatic failure; malnutrition; systemic.

(Cancers of the GI tract)--> Pancreatic cancer Stages: Stage 0 (cancer in situ): Top layers of pancreatic duct cells Stage 1: Confined to pancreas __cm or __ cm Stage 2: Confined to pancreas __ cm Stage 3: Spread to __ _ __ lymph nodes OR grown outside of the pancreas with __ lymph nodes involved Stage 4: Spread to __ __ – any size, may or may not have __ ___ ___

- <2 cm or < 4 cm - > 4 cm - 4 or more; no - Distant sites; lymph node involvement

(Congenital Impairment of Motility in children) Which terms refer to a congenital anomaly that features a defect of the lip, alveolus, and/or palate and could be unilateral or bilateral? (incomplete fusion during the second month of development) Epigenetic influences include: Maternal alcohol and tobacco use, maternal diabetes mellitus, & folate deficiency

Cleft lip (CL) or cleft palate (CP), or both (CLP).

(Congenital Impairment of Motility in children) Which term refers to the congenital malformations of the esophagus occur in 1 of 3 000 to 4 500 live births? ___ ___ is usually accompanied by a fistula between the esophagus and the trachea called the ___ __ Causes include: Environmental exposure to __ (medication to treat hyperthyroidism), ½ have one or more other birth defects, infectious disease, alcohol or smoking, maternal diabetes, maternal age Manifestations include: Drooling at birth, inability to swallow secretions, choking with feeding, respiratory distress – depending on type, abdomen may fill with air becoming distended and interferes with respiration – may show intermittent cyanosis

Esophageal atresia - Esophageal atresia; tracheoesophageal fistula - Tapazole

(Congenital Impairment of Motility in children) -->5 Types of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistulae. A, __ ___ ___. Proximal esophagus and distal esophagus end in blind pouches, and there is no __ communication. Nothing enters the stomach; regurgitated food and fluid may enter the lungs. B, Proximal and distal ___ segments end in blind pouches, and a fistula connects the proximal ___ to the ___. Nothing enters the stomach; food and fluid enter the ___ from the mouth. C, Proximal ___ ends in a blind pouch, and a fistula connects the __ to the distal __. Air enters the __; regurgitated gastric secretions enter the __ through the fistula. E, _ ___ _ between otherwise normal esophagus and trachea. Air, food, and fluid enter the __ and the ___ from the mouth through the fistula; and regurgitated gastric secretions enter the ___ through the fistula.

- Simple esophageal atresia; tracheal - Esophageal; esophagus; trachea; lungs - Esophagus; trachea; esophagus; stomach; lungs - Simple tracheoesophageal fistula; stomach; lungs; lungs

(Congenital Impairment of Motility in children) Which term refers to an acquired narrowing & distal obstruction of the pylorus and a common cause of postprandial vomiting, where the etiology is unclear but probably multifactorial, involving genetic & environmental factors? Individual muscle fibres thicken, so the entire __ __ becomes enlarged and inflexible. Because of the extra peristaltic effort necessary to force the gastric contents through the narrow ___, the muscle layers of the stomach may become ___ as well.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) - Pyloric sphincter; Pylorus; hypertrophied

(Congenital impairment of motility in children) Manifestations of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis include: ___weeks after birth the infant has forceful, nonbilious ___ immediately after feeding; __ due to no fluid reaching intestines If left untreated, it can lead to sever ___ & __ imbalances, malnutrition, & __ __ that can be fatal in 4-6 weeks

- 2-8 weeks; vomiting; constipation - Fluid; electrolyte; weight loss

(Congenital impairment of motility in children) Which term refers to the functional obstruction of the colon, and is also the most common cause of colon obstruction, accounting for about one-third of all GI obstructions in infants, and is a multifactorial malformation? It is characterized by the absence of ___ cells in part of colon which causes decreased __, resulting in the distention to the proximal colon, creating ‘___’ The infant typically becomes symptomatic during the first 24 to 72 hours after birth with delayed passage of __. Manifestations include: Mild to moderate __; poor feeding, poor __ __, increasing __, watery __ as water may pass obstruction

Hirschsprung's disease, or aganglionic megacolon - Nerve; peristalsis; megacolon - Meconium - Constipation; weight gain; distention; diarrhea

(Congenital impairment of motility in children) Which term refers to when the bowel protrudes through weakening in abdominal wall ligament, which can occur at any age but are most common in newborns but may not be noticeable for several weeks or months after birth? Caused by weakness in abdominal muscles

Mechanical Obstruction Hernias

(Congenital impairment of motility in children) Which term refers to an autosomal recessive disease that involves multiple organ systems & leads to death at an earlier age, where the GI presentation of this disorder is caused by a dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein, which is located on epithelial membranes and regulates chloride and sodium ion channels? The hallmark pathophysiological triad of ___ ___ includes obstruction, infection, & inflammation that are evident throughout the GI tract and within the airways. Manifestations of include: Feeding problems, delayed growth, dry skin, sparse hair, poorly developed musculature, & decreased subcutaneous fat Which term refers to present in cystic fibrosis which is a physical sign that a child is receiving inadequate nutrition for optimal growth and development, with deceleration in weight gain, usually presenting before 18 months?

Cystic fibrosis - Failure to thrive