Neurological alterations pt 4 Flashcards
(Neuromotor Disease)
Which term refers to the progressive demyelination of the white matter of brain and spinal cord?
Which term refers to an acute autoimmune associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves?
Which term refers to the neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells of brain and spinal cord?
Which term refers to the motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor & neurological symptoms?
- Multiple sclerosis
- Guillain Barre
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Parkinson’s
(Neuromotor Disease)
Which term refers to disorders resulting from damage to the myelin nerve sheath and affecting neural transmission, where myelin is that insulating layer around nerves which allow electrical impulses to transmit quickly & efficiently along the nerve cells; It can occur centrally - e.g. __ __ -or peripherally – e.g. __ __ __
Demylination disorders
- Multiple sclerosis; Guillain Barre syndrome
(Neuromotor Disease)
Which term refers to a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder with scarring (__) & loss of axons, where although the pathogenesis is unknown, the demyelination is thought to result from an immunogenetic-viral cause in genetically susceptible individuals, & its more common in women than men, but men will have a more severe progression? (Etiology is unknown)
Risk factors – may be smoking, __ _ __ & ___ _
Multiple sclerosis; scleorsis
- Vitamin D deficiency & Epstein-Barr virus
(Multiple sclerosis) –> Pathophysiology
MS is a __ & progressive disease with patches of damage that can occur throughout the brain & spinal cord.
Autoreactive __ __ & _ __ cross the blood–brain barrier and recognize myelin and __ autoantigens, triggering inflammation & loss of ___ (myelin-producing cells).
Activation of __ cells (brain macrophages) contributes to inflammation and injury with plaque formation and axonal degeneration.
Loss of myelin disrupts nerve conduction with subsequent death of neurons & brain ___.
- Diffuse
- T lymphocytes (T cells) & B lymphocytes (B cells); oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Atrophy
(Multiple sclerosis) –>
Manifestations include:
Visual disturbances, __ of __, trunk, or limbs, weakness, & __ __
Disease __ (also known as relapses or flares) are the temporary occurrence or worsening of symptoms.
MS subtypes include:
(1) __ ___, initial onset of symptoms
followed by remission & exacerbations (85%); (2) __ __, a steady decline from onset; (3) __ __, initial remitting & relapsing symptoms with a steady decline in function
- Paresthesia; face; impaired gait
- Exacerbations
- Remitting-relapsing; primary-progressive; secondary-progressive
(Neuromotor disease)
Which term refers to a rare demyelinating disorder caused by a humoral & cell-mediated immunological reaction directed at the peripheral nerves, where it usually occurs after a respiratory tract or gastro-intestinal infection?
Guillain-Barré syndrome
(Guillain-Barré syndrome) –> Progression & manifestations
__ __ – ends in 1-3 weeks – no further deterioration
__ __ – last for several days to 2 weeks
__ __ – remyelination and axonal process regrowth – can last from 4 months to 2 years.
Manifestations include:
(Starts in __ and __ __) Starts with tingling & numbness progresses to
__ of the legs to complete __. Causing __ __
- Acute phase
- Plateau phase
- Recovery phase
- legs and moves upward; paresis; quadriplegia; respiratory insufficiency
(Motorneuron disease)
Which term refers to a worldwide neurodegenerative disorder that diffusely involves lower and upper motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness, leading to loss of ability to eat, speak, move, and breathe; Where 10% of people have the familial form of the genetic mutation & its a progressively debilitating disease –rapidly fatal – survival time is < 3 years?
Which term refers to the scarring of the corticospinal tract in the lateral column of the spinal cord, refering to the upper motor neuron component of the syndrome?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Lateral sclerosis
(ALS) –> Manifestations
Manifestations depend on the affected __ __, since specific __ will activate specific muscle fibres
Manifestations include:
__ __ (primary sign); trouble __ cup or __ a pen may occur or they may have trouble __ or __;
choking, __ __, depression, __ __; progress to problems breathing; & can develop ___ at the same time
(Progresses quickly)
- Motor neurons; neurons
- Muscle weakness; lifting; holding; speaking; swallowing; excessive drooling; inappropriate laughter; dementia
(Complex motor disorder)
Which term refers to a complex motor disorder accompanied by systemic nonmotor and neurological symptoms, due to a dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia?
Etiological classification of __ includes __ __ & __ __
Which term begins after age 40, with incidence increase after age 60, & is more prevalent in males, & is the. leading cause of neurological disability in individuals older than 60?
Which term is caused by some other factor such as trauma, infection, intoxication?
Parkinson’s disease (PD)
- Parkinsonism; Primary parkinsonism; Secondary parkinsonism
- Primary parkinsonism
- Secondary parkinsonism
(Parkinson’s disease) –> Manifestations Include: (“TRAP” Acronym)
__ __ (starts unilateral & then bilateral), __, __/ bradykinesia (absence or slowing), __ __ (stooped posture – flexed forward, difficulty walking – cannot correct themselves if falling – small stutter step to maintain balance when walking), ___(muscle control loss of ability to speak and swallow)
Start alone or in combination but all present as disease progresses
Also, __ __ (– older than 70 – may be in response to medications taken to control other symptoms)
- Resting tremor; rigidity; akinesia; postural disturbances; dysarthria/dysphagia
- progressive dementia
(Parkinson’s disease) –> Pathophysiology
The reduction of __ upsets the normal balance between inhibitory __ & excitatory __ neurotransmitters, where the effects of lower __ is responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson’s
Dopamine; Dopamine; acetylcholine; Dopamine
(Data-Processing Deficits)
Which term refers to an abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption, where it makes it difficult to think, remember, sleep, & pay attention?
Which term refers to a general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life?
Which term refers tothe most common type of dementia, which is a progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss & possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation & respond to the environment?
- Delirium
- Dementia
- Alzheimer’s disease
(Data-Processing Deficits)
What is associated with autonomic nervous system overactivity and typically develops over 2 to 3 days, & most commonly occurs in Critical Care Units, following surgery, or during withdrawal from CNS depressants (i.e., alcohol or narcotic agents)?
Which is it called when initially you will see decrease in mental function, attention span will decrease, will have inappropriate reactions to their environment, forgetfulness, & apathetic, their speech will be slowed and they will fall asleep easily and often? With signs&symptoms such as reduced motor activity,lethargy,withdrawal,drowsinessand staring into space
Which term refers to __ ___ hyperkinetic that can lead to sudden death with manifestations associated with altered mental status, aggressiveness, tolerance to pain, rapid breathing, diaphoresis, severe agitation, increased temperature, noncompliance – “___” strength and they don’t seem to fatigue?
- Delirium (hyperactive confusional state)
- Hypoactive delirium
- Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS), also known as agitated delirium; superhuman
(Data-Processing Deficits)–> Difference between dilirium & dementia:
When considering the difference between delirium and dementia __ is the key.
The onset for __ is abrupt and its course is sporadic, the duration of __ is limited to days or weeks & it is __ for most patients.
- Timing
- Delirium; delirium; reversible
