Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLSC 222 > Infection & immune system alterations > Flashcards

Infection & immune system alterations Flashcards

1
Q

What is The capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease or a pathogen’s or microorganism’s ability to cause damage to a host?

A

Virulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the route Isthe route or method of transfer by which the infectious microorganism moves or is carried from one place to another to reach the new host? Which can be…Contact (direct and/or indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Vector and Common Vehicle.

A

Mode of transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host (e.g., direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or bites of an animal or insect)?

A

Portal of entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the lack of ability to resist some extraneous agent (such as a pathogen or drug)?

A

Susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is it called when an organism can cause disease if the individual’s defences are compromised. These microorganisms are normally controlled by the innate and adaptive immune systems and contribute to our defences? For example, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of the normal microbiome of the skin and produces a toxin that protects against infections with staphylococcal and other bacteria. However, severe burns compromise the integrity of the skin and may lead to life-threatening systemic infections with Pseudomonas.

A

Opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is health care associated infections, called?

A

Community-acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is otherwise known as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), which areinfection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission?

A

Nosocomial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are prokaryotes (lacking a discrete nucleus) and are relatively small. They can be aerobic or anaerobic and motile or immotile?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the life threatening pathogens, otherwise known as “super bugs”

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are very simple microorganisms, requiring a permissive host cell?

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are relatively large eukaryotic microorganisms with thick walls called?

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What promotes a fungal infection?

A

Low WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are organisms that establish a relationship in which the it benefits at the expense of the other species, called? And, provide an example of said organism

A

Parasites
- Parasitic worms, hook worm, round worm, flukes, & tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a eukaryotic, unicellular microorganism with a nucleus & cytoplasm, called? What are some example? What is the vector of transmission? And, what is the vehicle of transmission of said organism?

A

Protozoa
- Malaria
- Mosquitos
- Soil & food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity called?

A

Innate & acquired immunity(adaptive immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which type of immunity are physical & chemical barriers?

A

Innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nonspecific resistance is which type of immunity?

A

Innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Specific resistance is which type of immunity?

A

Acquired or adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of physical & chemical barriers within our body?

A
  • Sweat, urine, stomach acids (HCL) killing bacteria & viruses
  • Cilia hairs in the respiratory system, trapping particles
  • The inflammation process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity called?

A

Active & passive?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

(Acquired immunity) Describe how one can get natural or artificial immunity through active immunity

A

Natural: Antibodies developed in response to an infection

Artificial: Antibodies developed in response to a vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(Acquired immunity) Describe how one can get natural or artificial immunity through passive immunity

A

Natural: Antibodies received from mother, e.g. through breast milk

Artificial: Antibodies received from a medicine, e.g. from a gamma globulin injection or infusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is considered as the difference between innate & acquired immunity? (hint: its a term, not a description)

What are the cells that included under the umbrella of that said term? & what are its responsibilities?

A

Lymphocytes
- B cells
-T cells

Responsible for creating long lasting immunity, specific to a target disease in an acquired one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the different types of vaccines called?

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated
  • Bacterial toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the failure of the immune or inflammatory response to function normally, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections, called?

A

Immunodeficiency

26
Q

What are the 2 different types of immunodeficiencies called?

A
  • Primary (Congenital) immune deficiency
  • Secondary (Acquired) immune deficiency
27
Q

What are a genetic defect; that you’re born with it, where the immune system doesn’t have the capacity to combat antigens?

A

Primary (Congenital) immune deficiency

28
Q

What are caused by another condition, such as cancer, infection, or normal physiological changes, such as aging? And, which lymphocytes does it affect?

A

Secondary (Acquired) immune deficiency
- T-cells & B-cells (deficiencies)

29
Q

Which form of immunodeficiency is more common?

A

Secondary (Acquired) immune deficiency

30
Q

What are unusual infections or recurrent infections caused by?

A
  • T cell deficiencies & B cell deficiencies
31
Q

What is the most sever type of immunodeficiency but is very rare. & when you’re born with this, your chances of living beyond 1 years of age is very low? Also, the patient has all sorts of infection in their GI & respiratory, chronic cough, & diarrhea

A

Severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID)

32
Q

What is the most common but less severe than SCID. These patients have recurrent infection, but they can survive if they access to antibody infusion into body? And, what is the cause of said condition

A

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
- Few lymphocytes due to an underdeveloped thymus

33
Q

List the forms of immunodeficiencies treatment & their descriptions

A
  • Replacing the missing component (in primary Immunodeficiencies, such as SCID)
  • Transplant (in primary Immunodeficiencies, such as bone marrow transplant or thymus transplant)
  • Gene therapy (in primary Immunodeficiencies)
34
Q

What is an example of a primary T-lymphocyte deficiency, that includes cardiac defects, abnormal facial features, cleft palate, hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism, problems regulating calcium, parathyroid abnormalities, & thymus abnormalities? There is also no cure for this syndrome, only treatment for calcium, or replace parathyroid hormone, fixing heart defects, no long lasting cure for the immune system.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

35
Q

List the conditions associated with secondary immune deficiencies

A
  • Normal conditions, such as pregnancy (Pregnant women have lower immune system status), infancy, & aging
  • Psychological stress (increases the chance of fever, especially prolonged stress can activate other diseases like cancer)
  • Diet (Our immune systems needs nutrients, since antibodies are made form proteins. Vitamins are crucial for the work of the immune system. Vitamin C for example)
  • Malignancies (Cancer cells use all of the nutrients, causing nutrient deficiency)
  • Trauma (septic shocks are prevalent to people who have burns. You also lose plasma when burnt, losing antibodies and nutrient)
  • Infection (Such as rubella & HIV)
36
Q

What infects & destroys the CD4-positive T-helper cells?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

37
Q

What is used to combat HIV? & what is its purpose?

A

Antiviral therapies, for extension of life expectancy

38
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through blood-to-blood contact, IV medication abuse, heterosexual & homosexual (most common reason) activity, & maternal/child transmission. Injection using contaminated equipment, & transfusion.

39
Q

What are the stages of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) called?

A

1st stage: Acute infection
2nd stage: Clinical latency
3rd stage: Development of AIDS

40
Q

What occurs in the acute infection stage of AIDS?

A

It is when it enters through.
- Present with mild, nonspecific symptoms, such as fever diarrhea, not feeling well
- It lasts 1-6 weeks

41
Q

What occurs in the clinical latency stage of AIDS?

A

No obvious signs & symptoms, but it is working on the next phase
- Virus appears to be latent, but it is active
- With treatment can now last decades

42
Q

What occurs in the development of AIDS stage?

A

Low level of CD4 cells, low level of immunity
- Vulnerable to multiple infections
- CD4 cells < 200/mm³ (normal 600-1200)
- Without treatment - infection to AIDS < 10 yrs. They might die without treatment.

43
Q

List the stages of an HIV infection

A
  • 1st stage: Acute stage
  • 2nd stage: Asymptomatic HIV (might last for 10 to 12 years)
  • 3rd stage: Symptomatic HIV (when people are most vulnerable, treatment must be administered aggressively)
  • 4th stage: Advanced HIV (When the # of CD4 is less than 50 per mL, in this stage they have all sort of malignancies & infections)
44
Q

How is the HIV virus passed on to infant?

A

In utero, at delivery, breastfeeding

45
Q

(Pediatric HIV) Increase use of antiretroviral medication in pregnant women has caused…

A

HIV positive infants to be dropped considerably

46
Q

(Pediatric HIV) Why are infants with suspected HIV is tested repeatedly until 18 months of age? Also, til what age do infected children survive until?

A
  • Early positive results can be contributed to maternal blood
  • Early treatment is required due to rapid progression in children
  • Don’t survive until their 2nd birthday
47
Q

What is an excessive or inappropriate response to an antigen resulting in damage to host?

A

Hypersensitivity response

48
Q

What are some examples of hypersensitivity responses?

A

Allergy, autoimmunity, alloimmunity(isoimmunity), antibody mediated, cell mediated, & type 1-4

49
Q

What is an environmental antigen. Such as, seasonal allergies who are sensitive to pollen, dust, animals?

A

Allergy

50
Q

What is a self antigen, happens when our bodies start fighting against its own tissues. Its difficult to treat, you must suppress the immune system?

A

Autoimmunity

51
Q

What is it called when it’s another person’s antigen; when our body reacts to the tissue to people who are similar to us. Such as organ transplantation (donor & recipient), rejecting the other person’s cells?

A

Alloimmunity (isoimmunity)

52
Q

Explain the time of exposure to the time the body responds in the 4 types of hypersensitivity responses

A

Type I: Body starts reacting in less than 1 hour
Type II: It takes hours to days
Type III: It takes 1-3 weeks
Type IV: It takes days to weeks

53
Q

What occurs during Type I allergy? And, what are the manifestations as a result?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle – causing constriction
Increased vascular permeability – Edema
Vasodilation – increased blood flow

Manifestations include: Asthma, itching, urticaria, conjunctivitis, & wheal swelling

54
Q

What occurs during an anaphylaxis (allergy)? & how do you counteract this?

A

Its an emergency situation
- Patient has difficulty breathing, wheezing, stridor breathing, increased heart rate, & decreased bp

  • Through Epinephrine administration
55
Q

What occurs during type II tissue specific reactions? And, what is it called when the # of platelets in our body decrease under normal blood markers?

A
  • Is a type that happens during blood transfusion, a type of reaction towards proteins, a type of proteins is the antigen here. It can destroy RBCs, during transfusions if the blood is not compatible.
  • Thrombocytopenia
56
Q

What is Rh? How does the hemolytic disease of the newborn Rh incompatibility manifest? &, what is given to the mother to prevent such disease?

A
  • Rh: Is a type of protein that sites on the surface of RBC, if you have this protein then you’re Rh positive, and vice versa.
  • If the baby is Rh positive, some type the blood passes into the mother, and the maternal immune system creates antibodies. Nothing happens in the first pregnancy. In the next pregnancy, if the fetus is Rh positive, and the mother has antibodies, and they start fighting with the RBCs of the Rh proteins in the fetuses body, causing the fetus to get anemia. When RBC are destroyed you see elevated bilirubin. Signs we see are, jaundice which is mild. If its positive they give the mom Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM) , to prevent the mother’s body from creating antibodies (formation of anti-Rh antibodies), administered 72 hours after pregnancy
57
Q

In type III immune complex mediated, what are antigen-antibody complexes & what do they bind to? Also, what are some common examples?

A
  • Are Are formed in the circulation and are later deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues, damaging those tissues.
  • Which binds to a soluble antigen released into the blood
  • Ex. Allergy (Wheat/gluten) & Autoimmune (systemic lupus erythematosus
58
Q

In type IV cell mediated, what is involved, what does it create? & what are some examples?

A

It involves T-cells (not B cells)
- It creates T-cytotoxic & T-helper cells. It also creates macrophage for the destruction of tissues
- E.g. Allergy (contact dermatitis) & alloimmune (delayed transplant rejection)

59
Q

What senses & determines circulating corticosteroid? What does it increase in time of stress? & what does this hormone do for our body?

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA)
- Cortisol, which increases BP, blood sugar, preparing our body to resist stress. If this is prolonged it can create damage to our body.When our body is under stress it effects our hypothalamus

60
Q

What does increased cortisol do physiologically?

A
  • Carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism; increasing blood sugar.
  • Anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory effects
  • Digestive, Urinary, Connective Tissue, Muscle, Bone, Vascular function
  • Fetal development
61
Q

What does increased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine during stress do to our body?

A
  • Atrophy of the thymus (T cell)
  • Increases antibody response (B cell)
  • Enhance or suppress inflammatory response
  • Prolonged high bp
  • Enhancing the immune response at first, but if its prolonged it decreases it
62
Q

What are some diseases or disorders linked with prolonged stress?

A
  • Coronary disease, cancer, infections, accelerated type II diabetes, trigger asthma, psychological disorders (e.g. depression, PTSD, anxiety_, accelerated aging, &. it affects our cardiac system

HLSC 222 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions