Respiratory System Module 3 Flashcards
Movement of air into and out of lungs is called
Respiration or Pulmonary Respiration
Describe Respiration (in terms of O2/CO2)
O2 is obtained from the environment and delivered to cells and CO2 is transported from the cells to the environment
Takes place in the lungs (Diffusion of O2 into the bloodstream from the air in the lungs and diffusion of CO2 out of the blood stream to the air in the lungs)
External exchange of gases / Point of Pulmonary Circulation
Takes place in the tissues (Diffusion of O2 into the cells from the blood stream and diffusion of CO2 out of the cells and into the bloodstream)
Internal exchange of gases / Point of Systemic Circulation
Structures located outside the thoracic cavity
(Upper respiratory tract) Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Structures located inside the thoracic cavity
(Lower respiratory tract)
Bronchi
Lungs
Nasal cavities are separated by the
Septum
Nasal cavities are lined with
Mucous membrane
Nasal conchae …
increases surface area and helps warm and humidify air
What are the functions of the mucous membrane
Warms air
Humidifies air
Traps foreign particles
Olfactory receptors
The opening of the nasal cavities are called
Nares
The throat is considered the
Pharynx
The superior portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavities is called the
Naso-Pharynx
The eustachian tubes…
open into the naso-pharynx and equalize on both ear drums
The extension of the palate that closes the naso-pharynx during swallowing
Uvula
The middle portion of the pharynx, located posterior to the oral cavity contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
Oro-pharynx
The inferior portion of the pharynx that opens anteriorly to the larynx and posteriorly to the esophagus
Laryngeal pharynx (opens to two different tubes)
Separates oral cavity and nasal cavity
Palate
The voice box also called the
Larynx
Cartilaginous structure that closes the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis (Top of glottis)
Vibrates when air moves past them producing sound
Vocal cords
The space between two tubes is called the
Glottis
Forms the bulk of the anterior wall of the larynx, and serves to protect the vocal folds (“vocal cords”), which are located directly behind it.
Thyroid cartilage
Open areas in some of the bones in our skull, lined with mucous membrane and empties into the nasal cavity
Sinuses
Makes skull lighter, extra surface and are lined with mucous membrane, and adds quality to voice
Para-nasal sinus
Extends from the larynx to the upper part of the thoracic cavity. It is anterior to the esophagus. Has C-shaped cartilages to keep it open
Trachea
The trachea is Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that is (size)
4-5 inches long 1 inch in diameter
Each main stem bronchus enters a lung at the
Hilus
Describe the bronchi
Main stem bronchus divides into secondary bronchi which divide into BRONCHIOLES which keep subdividing an getting progressively smaller referred to as the BRONCHIAL TREE
Decreases heart rate
Vagus Nerve
Main stem bronchi is referred to as the
Main stem bronchi
Ends at the alveolus
Alveolar duct
Extends from the clavicles to the diaphragm
Lungs
Right lung has how many lobes
3
Left lung has how many lobes
2
Lung tissue is very
elastic
Gets two layers to stick together
Pleural fluid
The functional units of the the lungs are the
alveoli
Site of gas exchange
alveoli
Surrounds the alveolus to allow it to conduct gas exchange
pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory muscles and Compliance are dependants of
Ventilation
What are the phases of pulmonary venilation
Inhalation and Exhalation
The capacity of the lungs to expand and contract is called
Compliance
CPR is an example of
Positive pressure
Nerve that originates in the neck and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm. It is important for breathing, as it passes motor information to the diaphragm and receives sensory information from it.
Phrenic nerve
Considered the active phase of breathing intercostals CONTRACT making thoracic cavity larger
Inhalation (Diaphragm moves up Rib cage moves down)
Considered the passive phase of breathing intercostals RELAX making thoracic cavity smaller
Exhalation
The force that holds liquids together
Surface tension
Force the makes the alveoli collapse
Elastic recoil
Cells in alveoli make… lowers surface tension and allows alveoli to expand
Surfactin
We give this to infants to help “first cry”
Surfactin
Air that we inhale is what percent oxygen
21
Air that we inhale is what percent CO2
0.04
Air that we exhale is what percent oxygen
16
Air that we exhale is what percent CO2
4.5
Every 4 liters of Oxygen adds how much O2 to room air
4
The movement of O2 and Co2 is called
Gas exchange
Happens at the level of the alveolar membrane and the pulmonary capillary membrane
External exchange
The alveolar membrane is moist allowing _____ to diffuse from the air in the alveoli into the bloodstream and ______ into the air in the alveoli (External exchange)
Oxygen .
Carbon Dioxide .
Happens at the level of the cells in body tissues and the capillary membrane
Internal exchange
_____ diffuses from the blood and ______ diffuses from the cells to the bloodstream (Internal exchange)
Oxygen .
Carbon Dioxide .
Almost all Oxygen is transported by
Hemoglobin
Oxygenated blood is ____ percent saturated with Oxygen
97
Deoxygenated blood is ____ percent saturated with Oxygen
70
Carbon dioxide is produced by
Cell respiration
Most CO2 is transported by blood as
bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide is the ____ in the blood gases
acid
Respiratory arrest is also considered
hypoventilation
Causes gain in CO2 causing blood to become acidic
Hypoventilation
Arterial blood gas norm for Pa O2
80-100 mm Hg
Arterial blood gas norm for Pa CO2
35-45 mm Hg
Aterial blood gas norm for pH
7.35-7.45
Arterial blood gas norm for Sp O2
96-100%
We breathe on a
Hypercapnic drive
Losing CO2 and deep fast breathing caused
Hyperventilation
Less carbon dioxide in the blood will cause it to become
alkalinic
Which organ is a major factor in buffer
Kidney
Normal breathing is called
Eupnea
The nervous control center that controls the rate and depth of breathing
Medulla Oblongata
High carbon dioxide level
Hypercapnea
Higher level of carbon dioxide in the blood will trigger
A breathe
The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during eupnea and its norm
Tidal Volume (500 ml)
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation and its norm
Residual Volume (1200 ml)
Air you inhale forcefully is considered
Inspiratory reserve
Air you exhale forcefully is considered
Expiratory reserve
When the lungs lose elastic recoil blood will gain
CO2
Rapid respiration is considered
Tachycardia
Period of absence of breathing
Apnea
Dyspnea relieved by changing position
Orthopnea
Collapse of lung, losing area for gas exchange
Atelectasis
Pnuemothorax
Stab wound need for chest tube
Helps air get out without air getting in
Pluerovac
Low respiratory rate causes
Gained CO2
Rate of when you lose your breathe “as soon as you wake” vs “walk to the bathroom”
Dyspnea inexerhtion
Need for a mask that uses positive pressure in individuals with
Sleep Apnea
Normal effects of aging on Respiratory system
Loss of lung compliance
Diminished elastic recoil
Decreased respiratory muscle
breathing refers to using a specific device to regulate the way that a person breathes. This is typically done when certain medical conditions cause difficulties. Air is pushed through a facial mask or an airway pressure system, and the air and gases within the lungs are then balanced and the breathing can return to normal. This type of breathing can help to eliminate life-threatening situations that can arise when there is not enough pressure in the lungs.
Positive pressure breathing
Caused in humans by the contraction of the diaphragm, and the relaxation of intercostal muscles, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, which the lungs expand to fill.
However, there is still the same amount of air in the lungs, albeit filling a larger volume, so it is at a lower pressure than initially, when it was equal to ambient air pressure.
As long as the airway is secured, air “flows” into the lungs along the pressure gradient, filling the lungs with air.
This is negative pressure breathing.
Amphibians force air into their legs by a process known as buccal pumping, literally forcing air into their lungs, against the pressure gradient. This system is inefficient, but they can also “breathe” across their skin.
Negative pressure breathing
Larynx is made up of
Cardiac Muscle and Cartilage
Larger airways have _____ to keep them open
cartilage
Alveoli is to Lungs as Capillary is to
Blood vessel
Pulmonary artery sends _________ blood to the heart
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated blood goes into
Bloodstream
Phrenic Nerve provides _______ and is a branch of the _______
Stimulation
Vagus Nerve
Pulmonary Ventilation is more a ______ / _______
inhale
exhale
INTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE occurs in
Bloodstream to cells
Kidney produces ______ if O2 is low
Erythropoietin
Air goes from the nares into the
Nasal Cavity
Air goes from Nasal Cavity into the
Naso Pharynx
Air goes from the Nasopharynx into
Oropharynx
Air goes from Oropharynx into
Laryngeal Pharynx
Air goes from Laryngeal Pharynx through the ______ into the ______
Glottis
Trachea
Air goes from the Trachea into the
Bronchi
Air goes from the Bronchioles into the
Secondary Bronchi
Air goes from Secondary Bronchi into
Tertiary Bronchi
Air goes from Tertiary Bronchi into
Alveolar Ducts
During inhalation Diaphragm goes
Flat and Moves down (contracts)
During exhalation Diaphragm goes
Dome shaped and Moves up (Relaxation)
