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Shaker > Digestive System Module 4 > Flashcards

Digestive System Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The function of taking in food is called

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

What are the two functions of Digestion

A

1st Chemical Digestion (Enzymes breaking of covalent bonds)

2nd Making big pieces of food smaller

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3
Q

The function of chemically transferring digested molecules from the g.i. tract to be absorbed in the body/bloodstream is called

A

Absorption

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4
Q

The function of removing undigested molecules (Defecation) from g.i. tract

A

Elimination

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5
Q

Tube like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

G.I. Tract

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6
Q

Secrete digestive enzymes into g.i. tract

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GI tract

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

side:Exocrine Glands

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8
Q

Which layer is the innermost in the wall of the g.i. tract

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

What are the functions of Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane (goblet cells)
Protects underlying tissues
Many secretory cells (digestive juices) are found in the mucosa

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10
Q

What do goblet cells make

A

Mucous

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11
Q

What is the 2nd layer (G.I. Tract) to innermost layer called

A

Submucosa

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12
Q

What is the Submucosa made out of

A

Connective tissue

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13
Q

What does the Submucosa contain

A

Blood vessels, Nerves, in the small intestine it contains many mucous secreting glands

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14
Q

What does the Submucosa do

A

Regulates activity of g.i. tract against acid

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15
Q

What is the 3rd layer of the GI Tract wall called

A

Muscle

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16
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Muscle layer called

A

Inner layer and Outer layer

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17
Q

What is the muscle layer made out of

A

Muscle

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18
Q

Describe the inner layer of Muscle layer

A

has fibers that are arranged in a circular pattern (contraction narrows the lumen)

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19
Q

Describe the outer layer of Muscle layer

A

has fibers that are arranged in a longitudinal pattern (contraction makes the g.i. tract shorter)

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20
Q

The combination of the inner muscle layer and the outer muscle layer produces

A

Peristalsis

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21
Q

The stomach has an extra layer that is referred to as the

A

The oblique layer

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22
Q

The oblique layer is responsible for

A

Strengthens the stomach and help it with mixing food and digestive enzymes. HELPS STOMACH WITH CHURNING

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23
Q

The 4th layer of the GI Tract is called

A

Serosa

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24
Q

The visceral layer of the peritoneum is

A

Serosa

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25
Q

The esophagus is covered with

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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26
Q

Projections hold

A

relative position

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27
Q

Peritoneal Membranes form a

A

Large flat Folded Structure

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28
Q

Describe the functions of the Peritoneal Membranes (2)

A

Helps anchor the digestive organs

Separates the abdominal cavity into compartments which help restrict the spread of infection

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29
Q

What do the Peritoneal Membranes contain

A

Blood vessels, Lymph vessels, and nerves

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30
Q

In relation to the Peritoneal Membranes, the digestive organs are the _______ and ________, the membranes in front are the _________ and ________ ________.

A

Mesentary and Mesocolon

Greater and Lesser Omentum

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31
Q

The ORAL CAVITY is also referred to as the

A

The Mouth

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32
Q

The process of putting food in mouth is called

A

ingestion

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33
Q

The function of chewing food in our mouth is called

A

Mastication

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34
Q

When does the beginning of mechanical digestion occur

A

During Mastication

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35
Q

During mastication what lubricates food

A

Saliva (Salivary Amylase)

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36
Q

Swallowing or moving appropriate amounts of food toward larynx is called

A

Deglutition

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37
Q

What covers the pharynx during Deglutition

A

Uvula

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38
Q

What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

Soft and Hard Palate

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39
Q

The Maxillae is

A

Upper jaw

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40
Q

The Mandible is

A

Lower jaw

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41
Q

The ridges between each tooth is called

A

gingiva

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42
Q

The mandible is famous for being

A

The only movable bone in the skull

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43
Q

The tongue is a ______ organ that is anchored by the _____ to the floor of the mouth

A

Muscular

Frenulum

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44
Q

What are the functions of the tongue

A

taste buds, helps with chewing, swallowing, and speech

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45
Q

Sublingual Capillary Bed

A

??????

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46
Q

What are the 3 pairs of Salivary Glands called

A

Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual

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47
Q

The largest pair of Salivary Glands, right by the ears

A

Parotid

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48
Q

Salivary Gland directly under jawbone

A

Submandibular

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49
Q

Salivary gland under the tongue

A

Sublingual

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50
Q

What are the functions of Saliva

A

Moistens food to help with Mastication and Deglutition

Helps keep mouth and teeth clean …lysozyme

Amylase converts starch to sugar

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51
Q

What is lysozyme

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, occurring notably in tears and egg white.

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52
Q

What are the teeth made of

A

Dentin (Calcium Based)

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53
Q

The crown of the tooth is covered with

A

Enamel

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54
Q

What does the root of the tooth under the gumline do

A

Anchors the tooth in the jaw

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55
Q

What are the accessory structures of the Mouth (3)

A

Tongue, Salivary Glands, Teeth

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56
Q

Over the course of time a person will have two sets of teeth the ______ are the first and have __total

A

Deciduous 20 total

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57
Q

The 2nd set of teeth we get are called _______ and __ total

A

Permanent 32 total

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58
Q

The common passageway for respiratory and GI systems

A

Pharynx, Oral Cavity, Laryngyl Pharynx

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59
Q

During Deglutition what is the tongue responsible for

A

pushing bolus of food mixed with saliva into the pharynx

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60
Q

What particular part of the Pharynx does the uvula close during swallowing

A

Naso-pharynx

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61
Q

What covers the Larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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62
Q

The esophagus is a _______ tube about ______ long

A

Muscular

10 inches

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63
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

Moves food mixed with mucus by peristalsis into the stomach

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64
Q

Where does the esophagus travel through

A

Esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm before it reaches the stomach

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65
Q

The stomach is located in which quadrant

A

Left upper quadrant

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66
Q

What are the functions of the stomach (3)

A

Food storage
Churn
Digestion

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67
Q

During digestion in the stomach what gets absorbed

A

HCI (Hydrochloric Acid)

Pepsin

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68
Q

The stomach is a ___ shaped Organ

A

J shaped

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69
Q

The stomach contains 2 ______

A

sphincters

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70
Q

The two types of sphincters are called the

A

Cardiac Sphincter and the Pyloric Sphincter

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71
Q

The cardiac sphincter is at the _______ and he Pyloric sphincter is at the _______

A

Entrance of stomach

Exit

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72
Q

Both sphincters are _______ when the stomach churns

A

closed

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73
Q

_____ helps the stomach stretch

A

Rugae

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74
Q

The 3 layers of the stomach are

A

Circular, Longitudinal, and Oblique

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75
Q

When the stomach is empty it has folds called the

A

Rugae

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76
Q

The 3 REGIONS of the stomach are

A

Fundus
Body
Pylorus

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77
Q

Pylorus contains

A

secretory cells

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78
Q

Gastric pits are located in the

A

Stomach

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79
Q

Goblet cells are located in the

A

Gastric pits

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80
Q

Chief cells located in the ________ make _________

A 
Gastric pits
Digestive enzymes (Pepsin)
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81
Q

Parietal cells located in the Gastric pits make (2)

A 
HCI
Intrinsic Factor(b12)
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82
Q

Secretions of the gastric pits are called

A

Gastric juice

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83
Q

The nervous control of the stomach activity is done by

A

The Vagus Nerve

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84
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous System Nerve

A

Vagus Nerve

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85
Q

Hormonal control is influenced by

A

Gastrin produced by G cells in the stomach

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86
Q

Gastrin is produced in the stomach in response to

A

Stomach distention

Presence of caffeine in the stomach

Presence of partially digested protein in the stomach

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87
Q

What are the functions of gastrin (2)

A

Secretion of large amounts of gastric juice

Closure of the cardiac sphincter

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88
Q

Food leaves the stomach in the form of _______ and it is _____

A

Chyme

Highly acidic

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89
Q

Food leaves through the stomach through the _________ and enters the _________

A

Pyloric sphincter

Small intestine

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90
Q

The largest part of the digestive tract is the

A

Small intestine

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91
Q

The small intestine is about _______ long and about ____ in diameter

A

20 inches

1 inch

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92
Q

The small intestine is folded and has millions of finger like projections called _____ which _____

A

villi

increases the surface area for absorption

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93
Q

The small intestine with help of the VILLI absorb

A

Fat and Fat soluble vitamins

94
Q

Each villus contains (2)

A

Blood capillaries and a lacteal

95
Q

The first part of the Small intestine is the ______ and it is _____ inches long

A

Duodenum

12 inches

96
Q

The duodenum is __ shaped

97
Q

Describe the functions of the Small Intestine

A

Receive Chyme from the Stomach and Digestive Secretions from the Liver and Pancreas

98
Q

What protects the small intestine from acidic chyme

A

Mucous secreting glands

99
Q

Most digestion and absorption takes place in the

100
Q

The 2nd part of the Small Intestine is the _____ and is about ______ long

A

Jejunum

8 FOOT long

101
Q

What takes place in the Jejunum

A

Some digestion and absorption

102
Q

The 3rd part of the Small Intestine is the _____ and it is _____ long

A

Ilium

12 FOOT LONG

103
Q

The Ilium ends at the

A

ileocecal valve

104
Q

The Ilium contains _____ that

A 
Peyer patches (Patches of lymphatic tissue)
prevent normal flora from the large intestine to small intestine
105
Q

What are the four enzymes secreted by the small intestine

A

Lactase
Sucrase
Maltase
Peptidases

106
Q

Function of lactase

A

digest lactose (sugar in milk)

107
Q

Function of Sucrase

A

digest sucrose (table sugar)

108
Q

Functions of Maltase

A

digests maltase (digestion of grains)

109
Q

Functions of Peptidases

A

coming from the stomach with chyme
digests Pepsin, HCI
BEGGINING OF PROTEIN IN STOMACH

110
Q

What are the 3 enzymes and the 1 sodium secreted by the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Amylase
Pancreatic Lipase
Pancreatic Enzymes (tripsin + chymotripsin)

Sodium Bicarbonate

111
Q

Bile is secreted by the

112
Q

Function of Pancreatic Amylase

A

Carb/Starch digestion

113
Q

Function of Pancreatic Lipase

114
Q

Function of Pancreatic Enzymes (Tripsin + Chymotripsin)

115
Q

Bile is the

A

breaking down or large particles of fat so it can be digested

116
Q

The Large intestine is about ______ long and about ____ in diameter

A

5 feet long

2.5 INCHES in diameter

117
Q

The large intestine begins at the _______ and ends at the ____

A

ileocecal valve

anus

118
Q

The wall of the large intestine forms a series of _____ with creases called _____

A

pouches

tinae coli

119
Q

1st part of Large intestine

120
Q

The Cecum receives material from the ____

121
Q

The Cecum is considered a

A

Blind Pouch

122
Q

The vermiform appendix looks like a ____ and is apart of the _____

A

Worm

Cecum

123
Q

The 2nd part of the Large intestine

A

Ascending colon

124
Q

The ascending colon is located on the ______

A

right side of the abdominal cavity

125
Q

The ascending colon extends from the

A

Cecum to the hepatic flexure (where it turns)

126
Q

The 3rd part of the colon is the

A

Transverse colon

127
Q

The transverse colon extends from across the

A

abdomen from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure

128
Q

The 4th part of the Large intestine is called the

A

Descending colon

129
Q

The Descending colon is located at the

A

left side of the abdomen

130
Q

The Descending colon extends from the

A

Splenic flexure to the sigmoid flexure

131
Q

The 5th part of the Large intestine is the

A

Sigmoid colon

132
Q

The sigmoid colon starts at the ____ and empties into the _____

A

sigmoid flexure

rectum

133
Q

The sigmoid colon is __ shaped which bends ______

A

S shaped

bends posteriorly

134
Q

The 6th part of the Large intestine is the

135
Q

The Rectum is the last _____ of the large intestine (size)

136
Q

The rectum stores

A

Fecal matter

137
Q

The rectum contains the Anal canal and contains 2 sphincters which are the

A

Internal Anal Sphincter

and the External anal Sphincter

138
Q

The internal anal sphincter is ________ while the external anal sphincter is _________

A

Involuntary

Voluntary

139
Q

Normal flora in the Large intestine produce (3)

A

Vitamin K
Biotin
Vitamin B5

140
Q

The Large intestine is responsible for the absorption of (2)

A

Water and Bile Salts

141
Q

The Large intestine stores ____ and is responsible for

A

Stores waste

Responsible for Defecation

142
Q

Defecation is the

A

elimination of Undigested waste

143
Q

Where is the Pancreas located

A

Posterior to the stomach in the UPPER LEFT QUADRANT

144
Q

Pancreas produces Sodium Bicarbonate which is a

A

Weak base that neutralizes acidic chyme that reaches the small intestine

145
Q

Pancreatic Secretions that travel through the pancreatic duct join the __________ and empties into the ________

A

Common bile duct

Duodenum

146
Q

The liver is the ______ (size)

A

largest gland

147
Q

The liver is located in the

A

Right Upper Quadrant

148
Q

The liver has ___ lobes __ and __

A

two lobes left and right

149
Q

The liver receives blood from the __________ and _________ by the _______ vein

A

GI tract and spleen by the hepatic portal vein

150
Q

What does the liver store (3)

A

Glycogen, Vitamins, Iron

151
Q

The Liver synthesizes (3)

A

plasma proteins (albumin and clotting factors)

Urea

Bile

152
Q

The liver destroys _____ and detoxifies ______

A

RBCs

Detoxifies harmful substances

153
Q

The Liver modifies _____ to enhance ____

A

lipids

to enhance their use by cells

154
Q

What is first pass effect

A

The first-pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam, midazolam, demerol, cimetidine, and lidocaine.

155
Q

Bile is needed for the _____ and is the color ______

A

digestion of lipids

green secretion

156
Q

Bile _____ fat. _____ means

A

Emulsifies

Emulsify means to break up into small droplets

157
Q

The gallbladder is the ________ sac/pouch on the interior surface of the _____ that stores ______

A

Muscular
Liver
Bile

158
Q

Bile travels via ______ into the ______

A

Cystic duct to the gallbladder

159
Q

The gallbladder absorbs ______ from the concentrated bile

160
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up the reactions involved in digestion

161
Q

Food goes in the mouth then into the _______ then into the _______

A

Pharynx

Esophagus

162
Q

Food goes from the Esophagus then into _______ then into ________

A

Stomachs Cardiac Sphincter

Stomachs Pyloric Sphincter

163
Q

Food goes from the Stomachs Pyloric Sphincter then into _______ then into _____

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

164
Q

Food goes from the Jejunum then into ______ then into ______

A

Ilium

Cecum

165
Q

Food goes from the Cecum then into the ______ then into the _______

A

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

166
Q

Food goes from the Transverse colon then into the ______ then into the ________

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid

167
Q

Food goes from the Sigmoid then into the __________ then into the _______

A

Rectum

Internal anal Sphincter

168
Q

Food goes from the Internal anal sphincter then into the _______ then _______

A

External Anal Sphincter

Out the body

169
Q

The 3 parts the mouth consists of are the

A

Tongue
Teeth
Saliva

170
Q

The 2 parts that belong to the pharynx are called the

And the 2 parts that close passageways are the

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Uvula and Epiglottis

171
Q

The stomach is responsible for ________ digestion and ______ digestion

A

Chemical and Mechanical

172
Q

The small intestine consists of (3)

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium

173
Q

The large intestine consists of (6)

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon 
Descending colon
Sigmoid 
Rectum
174
Q

The anus consists of

A

Internal and External Sphincter

175
Q

Amylase is produced by (2)

A

Salivary glands + Pancreas

176
Q

Amylase is located in (2)

A

Mouth + Duodenum

177
Q

Amylase acts on

A

Turning Starch or CHO –> Disaccharides

178
Q

Pepsin is produced by

A

Chief cells in the stomach

179
Q

Pepsin is located in

A

The stomach

180
Q

Pepsin acts on

A

Protein –> Peptides

181
Q

HCI is produced by

A

Parietal cells in the stomach

182
Q

HCI is located in

A

The stomach

183
Q

HCI acts on

184
Q

Bile is produced by

185
Q

Bile is located in the

186
Q

Bile acts on

A

Emulsifies fat

187
Q

Lipase is produced by

A

The pancreas

188
Q

Lipase is located in the

189
Q

Lipase acts on

A

Lipids –> Fatty acids + glycerol

190
Q

Trypsin / Chymotrypsin is produced by the

191
Q

Trypsin / Chymotrypsin is located in the

192
Q

Trypsin / Chymotrypsin acts on

A

Protein —> Peptides

193
Q

Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase is produced by

194
Q

Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase is Located in the

195
Q

Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase acts on

A

Disaccharides –> Monosaccharides

196
Q

Peptidases is produced by

197
Q

Peptidases is located in the

198
Q

Peptidases acts on

A

Peptidases –> amino acids

199
Q

Carbohydrate starts in the mouth with the help of

A

Salivary Amylase

200
Q

The end product of Starch (carbohydrate) digestion is

A

Monosaccharides

201
Q

Protein Digestion starts in the ______ with ______ and _____

A

stomach

HCI and Pepsin

202
Q

The end of protein digestion is

A

Amino Acids

203
Q

Fat digestion starts in the

A

Small Intestines

204
Q

The end product of fat digestion is (2)

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

205
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation (Vagus Nerve) does …..

A

increases the production of digestive secretions and increases motility of the GI tract

206
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation occurs due to (2)

A

Sight and smell of food

Stomach distention

207
Q

Peristalsis is the ______ of the G.I.

208
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation leads to a ……

A

decrease in the production of digestive secretions and decreases motility of the GI tract

209
Q

Gastrin is secreted by

A

G cells in the stomach

210
Q

Gastrin is produced in response to

A

stomach distention, presence of caffeine in the stomach, or presence of partially digested protein in the stomach

211
Q

What are the functions of gastrin

A

secretion of large amounts of gastric juice, and closure of the cardiac sphincter

212
Q

When is Gastric Inhibitory Peptide secreted

A

When chyme enters the small intestine

213
Q

What are the functions of GIP

A

inhibits the secretion of gastric juices and decreases gastric motility

Stimulates the release of insulin

214
Q

When is Secretin secreted

A

When chyme enter the small intestine

215
Q

What are the functions of Secretin

A

Decreases gastric secretions

216
Q

What does Secretin Stimulates (3)

A

the release of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas

release of bile of liver

insulin

217
Q

When Cholecystokinin CCk secreted

A

When fat enters small intestine

218
Q

What does CCK stimulate

A

release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas

release of bile from the gallbladder

219
Q

CCk inhibits ________ _________ and may feel pain in the ____

A

gastric emptying

RUQ

220
Q

The Small intestine is responsible for the absorption of (3)

A

digested starch, proteins, and lipids

221
Q

The Large intestine is responsible for the absorption of (2)

A

Water vitamins and minerals

222
Q

What happens when there is a spinal reflex by the reflex initiated by the presence of fecal matter in the rectum

A

Defecation

223
Q

Defecation can have several ______ ______ defects

A

Neural tube

224
Q

The internal anal sphincter is

A

involuntary

225
Q

The external anal sphincter is

226
Q

Both sphincters must ____ in order for defecation to occur

227
Q

Name some effects of aging

A

decreased sense of appetite and taste

decreased peristalsis

decreased secretions in g.i.

decreased intrinsic factor

decreased muscle tone of cardiac sphincter

228
Q

Decreased intrinsic factor can lead to

A

Pernicious anemia

229
Q

Decreased Muscle tone can lead to

A

increase in pyrosis(Heartburn) / GERD

230
Q

Describe intrinsic factor

A

a substance secreted by the stomach that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein

231
Q

Plasma proteins and Clotting factors come from

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