Respiratory System: L3

Question 1

What part innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 1

Phrenic Motor nucleus

Question 2

Where is the phrenic motor nucleus located?

Answer 2

C3-C5 spine

Question 3

What are internal and external intercostal muscles involved with?

Answer 3

Internal = Exhalation
External = Inhalation

Question 4

What innervates internal and external intercostal muscles?

Answer 4

Intercostal motor neurones

Question 5

Where are intercostal motor neurons located?

Answer 5

T1 - L1

Question 6

Where are the abdominal motor neurons found?

Answer 6

T7-L1

Question 7

When are abdominal muscles recruited?

Answer 7

During forced exhalation (exercise), Expiratory muscles only (coughing, sneezing, straining, laughing, vocalisation)

Question 8

How does a lesion in C1-C2 affect breathing?

Answer 8

Paralysis of lung muscles and body. Cannot respirate on your own. Can still speak (local chords receive input from brainstem higher up)

Question 9

What is the movement of rings and diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 9

Upwards and outwards. The chest expands.

Question 10

What process of respiration is active and passive?

Answer 10

Inspiration = active
Expiration = Passive (at rest, Chest recoils from stretch)

Question 11

When does respiration become active?

Answer 11

Only during exercise

Question 12

What is 1 Respiratory cycle?

Answer 12

From the start of inspiration to the end of expiration.

Question 13

What is the volume of air breathed in at rest?

Answer 13

1/2L

Question 14

What pressure is always negative
(-ve)?

Answer 14

Pleural

Question 15

How does breathing happen?

Answer 15

During inspiration, the check wall moves out the pleural pressure becomes more -ve. Relative to pulmonary pressure. Pulmonary pressure becomes more -ve relative to atmospheric pressure. This draws air into the lungs. When pulmonary pressure = is atmospheric pressure the lungs are completed inflated.

During exhalation: the pleural pressure becomes LESS NEGATIVE. (The increases the pulmonary pressure inside the lungs (more +ve), which pushes the air out of the lungs.

Question 16

What is Pneumothora?

Answer 16

• Thoracic puncture wound
• Air rushes into the chest
• Loss of -ve pleural pressure
• Respiratory distress (hyperventilation)

Need to repair the wound and get air out of the chest.

Question 17

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 17

The volume above the tidal volume. How much capacity one has within the system that can be increased when exercising.

Question 18

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 18

How much air a one expires above normal volumes.

Question 19

What is vital capacity?

Answer 19

Inspiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume.

Question 20

What is the functional residual capacity? (FRC)

Answer 20

Exactly before the next inspiration - resting point of the lung. Medically infers whether or not the lung is damaged or working properly

Question 21

What is the residual volume?

Answer 21

Bronchioles under the deflating pressure of the lung and trap air downstream - impossible to remove the last part of the air out of the lung.

Question 22

What is the total lung capacity (TLC) ?

Answer 22

Vital Capacity (VC) + Residual Volume (RV)

Question 23

What is the Respiratory Frequency?

Answer 23

12 breaths/min

Question 24

What is the Minute Ventilation?

Answer 24

How much air a person breaths in a per min.

VE = VT x f = 0.5L x 12 breaths/min = 6L/min

Question 25

What is the difference between Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation?

Answer 25

Hyperventilation = VE (min ventilation)> 6L/min Hypoventilation = VE < 6L/min

Question 26

Why odes hyperventilation makes you feel dizzy?

Answer 26

Blowing out CO2, which is a major regulator of blood flow to the brain.

Question 27

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

Answer 27

The amount of ventilation in alveoli. VA = (VE-VD) x f = (0.5-0.15) x 12 = 4.2L/min

Question 28

What is Dead space ventilation?

Answer 28

The tube (conducting system) that does not take part in gas exchange. 2.2ml/kg = approx. 150 ml of air that does not get into the lungs.

Question 29

How much air actually gets into the lungs?

Answer 29

350 ml

Question 30

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 30

VE = VA + VD

Question 31

What is the value of alveolar ventilation?

Answer 31

4.2 L/min

Question 32

How can residual volume be measured?

Answer 32

Add helium (inert gas) to the spirometer. Helium is not absorbed can equilibrate the known concentration and the volume of helium and then measure the concentration and solve for V2.

Question 33

What are Vitalogaphs?

Answer 33

Measures lung volumes, Measure gas volume dynamics. Measures: - FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second: normal ~4L. - FVC: forced viral capacity; the max amount of air that can be blown out of the lungs normal ~ 5L

Question 34

How much is anatomical dead space?

Answer 34

2ml/kg of body weight

Question 35

What is the definition of respiration?

Answer 35

1. Extract oxygen from the air and together with the cardiovascular system transport it to repairing tissues. 2. Remove carbon dioxide from respiring tissues (an end product of aerobic metabolism) and exhausted into atmosphere.

Question 36

How much energy for inspiration comes from the diaphragm?

Answer 36

70%