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Medsci 142 > Respiratory System: L3 > Flashcards

Respiratory System: L3 Flashcards

1
Q

What part innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic Motor nucleus

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2
Q

Where is the phrenic motor nucleus located?

A

C3-C5 spine

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3
Q

What are internal and external intercostal muscles involved with?

A

Internal = Exhalation
External = Inhalation

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4
Q

What innervates internal and external intercostal muscles?

A

Intercostal motor neurones

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5
Q

Where are intercostal motor neurons located?

A

T1 - L1

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6
Q

Where are the abdominal motor neurons found?

A

T7-L1

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7
Q

When are abdominal muscles recruited?

A

During forced exhalation (exercise), Expiratory muscles only (coughing, sneezing, straining, laughing, vocalisation)

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8
Q

How does a lesion in C1-C2 affect breathing?

A

Paralysis of lung muscles and body. Cannot respirate on your own. Can still speak (local chords receive input from brainstem higher up)

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9
Q

What is the movement of rings and diaphragm during inhalation?

A

Upwards and outwards. The chest expands.

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10
Q

What process of respiration is active and passive?

A

Inspiration = active
Expiration = Passive (at rest, Chest recoils from stretch)

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11
Q

When does respiration become active?

A

Only during exercise

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12
Q

What is 1 Respiratory cycle?

A

From the start of inspiration to the end of expiration.

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13
Q

What is the volume of air breathed in at rest?

A

1/2L

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14
Q

What pressure is always negative
(-ve)?

A

Pleural

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15
Q

How does breathing happen?

A

During inspiration, the check wall moves out the pleural pressure becomes more -ve. Relative to pulmonary pressure. Pulmonary pressure becomes more -ve relative to atmospheric pressure. This draws air into the lungs. When pulmonary pressure = is atmospheric pressure the lungs are completed inflated.

During exhalation: the pleural pressure becomes LESS NEGATIVE. (The increases the pulmonary pressure inside the lungs (more +ve), which pushes the air out of the lungs.

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16
Q

What is Pneumothora?

A
  • Thoracic puncture wound
  • Air rushes into the chest
  • Loss of -ve pleural pressure
  • Respiratory distress (hyperventilation)

Need to repair the wound and get air out of the chest.

17
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The volume above the tidal volume. How much capacity one has within the system that can be increased when exercising.

18
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

How much air a one expires above normal volumes.

19
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume.

20
Q

What is the functional residual capacity? (FRC)

A

Exactly before the next inspiration - resting point of the lung. Medically infers whether or not the lung is damaged or working properly

21
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

Bronchioles under the deflating pressure of the lung and trap air downstream - impossible to remove the last part of the air out of the lung.

22
Q

What is the total lung capacity (TLC) ?

A

Vital Capacity (VC) + Residual Volume (RV)

23
Q

What is the Respiratory Frequency?

A

12 breaths/min

24
Q

What is the Minute Ventilation?

A

How much air a person breaths in a per min.

VE = VT x f = 0.5L x 12 breaths/min = 6L/min

25
Q

What is the difference between Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation?

A

Hyperventilation = VE (min ventilation)> 6L/min

Hypoventilation = VE < 6L/min

26
Q

Why odes hyperventilation makes you feel dizzy?

A

Blowing out CO2, which is a major regulator of blood flow to the brain.

27
Q

What is Alveolar Ventilation?

A

The amount of ventilation in alveoli.

VA = (VE-VD) x f = (0.5-0.15) x 12 = 4.2L/min

28
Q

What is Dead space ventilation?

A

The tube (conducting system) that does not take part in gas exchange.
2.2ml/kg = approx. 150 ml of air that does not get into the lungs.

29
Q

How much air actually gets into the lungs?

A

350 ml

30
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

VE = VA + VD

31
Q

What is the value of alveolar ventilation?

A

4.2 L/min

32
Q

How can residual volume be measured?

A

Add helium (inert gas) to the spirometer. Helium is not absorbed can equilibrate the known concentration and the volume of helium and then measure the concentration and solve for V2.

33
Q

What are Vitalogaphs?

A

Measures lung volumes, Measure gas volume dynamics. Measures:

  • FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second: normal ~4L.
  • FVC: forced viral capacity; the max amount of air that can be blown out of the lungs normal ~ 5L
34
Q

How much is anatomical dead space?

A

2ml/kg of body weight

35
Q

What is the definition of respiration?

A
  1. Extract oxygen from the air and together with the cardiovascular system transport it to repairing tissues.
  2. Remove carbon dioxide from respiring tissues (an end product of aerobic metabolism) and exhausted into atmosphere.
36
Q

How much energy for inspiration comes from the diaphragm?

A

70%

Medsci 142 (6 decks)

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