Respiratory System KuraCloud Q's

Question 1

what structures filter, warm and humidify air?

Answer 1

nose
naval cavity
pharynx

Question 2

what structures make air to flow to alveoli?

Answer 2

trachea
bronchus
bronchioles

Question 3

what structure is responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 3

alveoli

Question 4

Which two structure play a key role in the production of sound and are these structures part of the upper or lower respiratory system?

Answer 4

larynx and glottis - lower respiratory system

Question 5

What is the correct sequence of structures that inhaled air passes through on its way to the alveoli?

Answer 5

trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > pulmonary lobule > alveolar sac > alveoli

Question 6

What is the name of the cell that enables diffusion of gas between air and blood in the alveoli?

Answer 6

Type I pneumocyte (a type of squamous epithelial cell)

Question 7

What type of cell in the alveoli is involved in defending the respiratory system against foreign particles?

Answer 7

macrophage

Question 8

Which of the following cell types is involved in protection, secretion, and mucous removal?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 8

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 9

How does the mucous ‘escalator’ help to defend the respiratory system against particles and pathogens

Answer 9

Foreign particles and pathogens become trapped in mucous and the mucous ‘escalator’ (i.e. cilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium) move the mucous away from the respiratory system (i.e. out of the nose or into the mouth or esophagus).

Question 10

Structures in the nose and nasal cavity defend the respiratory system from foreign particles and pathogens by…

Answer 10

filtering incoming air

Question 11

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system and why is this structure well suited to gas exchange?

Answer 11

alveoli - due to large surface area and a very short distance between the air and blood

Question 12

Which of the following statements about external respiration is correct?

Answer 12

O2 moves from the air to interstitial fluid and CO2 moves from the interstitial fluid to air

Question 13

Describe the direction of movement of O2 and CO2 between the interstitial fluid and cells in internal respiration

Answer 13

O2 moves from interstitial fluid to cells and CO2 moves from cells to interstitial fluid

Question 14

Name the three integrated steps that are involved in external respiration

Answer 14

pulmonary ventilation, gas diffusion, and transport

Question 15

The term pulmonary ventilation describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs (i.e. breathing). Pulmonary ventilation is governed by the laws of physics. One of the laws relates to the relationship between the volume of a sealed container and the pressure of gas within the container. What happens to the pressure of a gas if the volume of the container decreases?

Answer 15

a decrease in the volume results in an increase in the pressure of the gas (re there is less room for the gas molecules to move around within the container)

Question 16

Does air flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

Pulmonary ventilation is achieved by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles. There are two categories of respiratory muscles – primary and accessory. List the two primary respiratory muscles and describe the types of muscles that fall into the category of accessory respiratory muscles?

Answer 17

primary - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

accessory - other muscles in the neck, thoracic wall, and abdominal wall

Question 18

The contribution of respiratory muscles to pulmonary ventilation depends on the mode of breathing. Which of the following statements accurately describes quiet breathing and forced breathing?

Answer 18

Quiet breathing involves active inhalation and passive exhalation and forced breathing involves active inhalation and exhalation

Question 19

Movement of O2 and CO2 between air and the bloodstream, across the blood air barrier in the alveoli, occurs via diffusion. The partial pressure of a gas (i.e. the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases) plays a role in this process. If the partial pressure of a gas increases, does the amount of gas molecules in the solution increase or decrease?

Answer 19

the amount of gas molecules in the solution increases

Question 20

How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?

Answer 20

bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 21

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 21

• dissolved in plasma
• as bicarbonate ions
• bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 22

Do alveolar capillaries receive oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from arteries in the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 22

deoxygenated

Question 23

Briefly describe the two ways that gas transport and alveolar function are regulated locally in the lungs.

Answer 23

1. Blood in alveolar capillaries is directed towards pulmonary lobules that have a high partial pressure of O2.
2. Airflow is directed to pulmonary lobules with a high partial pressure of CO2.

Question 24

How is blood in alveolar capillaries directed towards pulmonary lobules that have a high partial pressure of O2?

Answer 24

local vasconstriction of pulmonary capillaries that have a low partial pressure of O2

Question 25

How is airflow directed to pulmonary lobules with a high partial pressure of CO2?

Answer 25

local bronchodilation occurs if there is an increase in the partial pressure of CO2

Question 26

Is the neural control of the depth and rate of respiration under voluntary or involuntary control?

Answer 26

both voluntary (e.g. blowing up a balloon) and involuntary (e.g. breathing) control

Question 27

What is the term that describes brain regions that are important for involuntary control of respiration?

Answer 27

respiratory centres

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of sensory information that modifies the activity of the respiratory centres?

Answer 28

• discharge from baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses
• discharge from stretch receptors that respond to changes in lung volume
• irritating physical (mechanical) or chemical stimuli in the nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree
• discharge from chemoreceptors that are sensitive to pH and the partial pressure of O2 and CO2