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Physiology Test 2 > Cardiovascular KuraCloud Qs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular KuraCloud Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport of dissolved gases and nutrients
    • Transport of hormones
    • Transport of waste products
    • Maintenance of body temperature
    • Maintenance of blood volume
    • Regulation of pH and ions
      • Defence against toxins and pathogens
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2
Q

Blood is composed of 2 main components. What is the name of the 2 components?

A

Formed elements and plasma

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3
Q

The term ‘formed elements’ describes what?

A

Red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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4
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Water, plasma proteins and other solutes (eg. Nutrients, ions, hormones, and wastes)

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5
Q

What are characteristics of RBCs (erythrocytes)

A
  • Selectively permeable plasma membrane
    • Contain hemoglobin
    • Large surface area to volume ratio
      • Can change shape
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6
Q

How do RBC carry oxygen to the tissues?

A

Bound to hemoglobin (each hemoglobin molecule can transport 4 oxygen molecules)

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7
Q

What characteristics of RBC make them well suited to carry oxygen to tissues?

A
  • Their size (small)
  • shape (large surface area to volume ratio)
  • lack of mitochondria (i.e. a red blood cell doesn’t need to use the oxygen that it carries)
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8
Q

Which of the following terms specifically describes the production of red blood cells and which hormone stimulates this process?

A

Erythropoiesis; erythropoietin (EPO)

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9
Q

What type of homeostatic disturbance ultimately leads to the release of the above hormone from the kidneys?

A

Decreased oxygen levels in blood (hypoxia)

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10
Q

Red blood cells have surface antigens. Surface antigens are proteins on the plasma membrane that identify the cell to the immune system. The immune system ignores normal red blood cells and attacks foreign or abnormal red blood cells. Your blood type depends on the presence or absence of which surface antigens?

A

surface antigens A and B (ABO blood group)

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11
Q

What are the 4 ABO blood types?

A

Type A
type B
type AB
type O

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12
Q

Which blood type has surface antigen A only?

A

Type A

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13
Q

Which blood type lacks surface antigen A and B?

A

Type O

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14
Q

What type of antibodies would a person with type A blood have in their plasma?

A

B antibodies

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15
Q

What are white blood cells?

A
  • Eosinophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
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16
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A
  • release important clotting chemicals
  • temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
  • actively contract tissue after clot formation
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17
Q

What term describes blood clotting?

A

Hemostasis

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18
Q

There are 3 phases of blood clotting (hemostasis). List the names of the 3 phases in the order in which they occur

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
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19
Q

Which 2 arteries supply blood to cardiac muscle?

A

Left and right coronary arteries

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20
Q

What is the order that blood flows through the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava –> right atrium –? Tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –? Pulmonary trunk –> lungs –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> body tissues

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21
Q

The term ‘cardiac cycle’ describe the period from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart beat. Name the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle in sequential order.

A

Atrial systole
Atrial diastole
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole

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22
Q

The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ____________, and the period of ventricular relaxation is called ____________.

A

Ventricular systole; ventricular diastole

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23
Q

During atrial systole, what is happening in the heart?

A

Atria are contracting, forcing blood into the ventricles through the AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves).

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24
Q

During ventricular systole, what is happening in the heart?

A

Pressure increases in the ventricles, closing the AV valves, then opening the semilunar valves, ejecting blood into the pulmonary and systemic circuits

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25
Q

The first heart sound (S1 “lub”) is a result of closure of the ___________________ valves. The second heart sound (S2”dub/dup”) is a result of closure of the ___________ valves.

A

First heart sound: closure of the atrioventricular valves.

Second heart sound: closure of the semilunar valves.

26
Q

what is tachycardia and bradycardia?

A 
Tachycardia = rapid heart rate (>100 beats/min)
Bradycardia = slow heart rate (<60 beats/min)
27
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood ejected by left ventricle each minute

28
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood ejected from heart during each cardiac cycle

29
Q

what is End-diastolic volume and End-systolic volume?

A

End-diastolic volume = volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole
End-systolic volume = residual volume left in the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole

30
Q

What is the mathematical formula for calculating cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.

31
Q

There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The structure of each type of blood vessel varies according to its function and the pressure exerted on its walls. The walls of arteries and veins have three layers called the tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima. what are the characteristics to each layer?

A

Tunica externa = outer layer
Tunica media = middle layer, contains smooth muscle
Tunica intima = inner layer, includes endothelium, contains epithelial tissue

32
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins?

A 
Arteries= thicker tunica media, higher pressure, contain elastic fibres
Veins = thinner tunica media, lower pressure, contain valves
33
Q

What is the main function of capillaries and what structural feature/s enable this to occur?

A

to exchange substances between the blood and tissues. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the tissues whereas waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse from the tissues to the blood.

The endothelial lining consists of simple squamous epithelium (single layer of thin flat cells) which is well suited to exchange of molecules (i.e. absorption/secretion).

34
Q

What terms and/or statements is used to refer to blood pressure?

A

Arterial pressure, pressure in the arterial system that pushes blood through capillary beds and expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

35
Q

What is the average blood pressure in healthy adults?

A

120/80 mmHg

36
Q

The term ‘pulse pressure’ describes…

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

37
Q

Which two factors determine blood pressure?

A

Blood flow and peripheral resistance

38
Q

Blood flow is driven by a pressure gradient. Does blood flow up or down the pressure gradient?

A

Blood flows down the pressure gradient (i.e. from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure)

39
Q

illustrate tthe pressure gradientt that exists in blood vessels (from highest pressure to lowest)

A

Aorta - elastic arteries - muscular arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - medium-sized veins - large veins - vena cava

40
Q

How does venous return overcome the effects of gravity on blood?

A
  • skeletal muscle contraction compresses veins
  • respiratory pump (inhalation decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity and expands the inferior vena cava and right atrium)
  • veins contain valves that only permit blood to flow in one direction
41
Q

The conducting system contains pacemaker cells that ‘set the pace’ of contraction of the heart muscle. What are the two unique characteristics of pacemaker cells that enable them to perform this function?

A

automacity - ability to generate an aciton potential auttomatically without requirong commands of the nervous system
conductivity - the ability to pass an action potential onto the next cardiac cell

42
Q

Which of the following structures contain pacemaker cells?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

43
Q

In what order are action potentials transmitted through the following structures?

A

SA node –> Atria contract –> intternodal pathway –> AV node –> AV bundle –> bundle branches –> Purkinje Fibres –> ventricles contract

44
Q

What characteristic of cardiac muscle cells enable transmission of action potentials between cells, and thus for the cardiac muscle to function as a single unit?

A

intercalated discs. they are a type of gap junction that enables movement of ions between cells and therefore, transmission of action potentials between cells

45
Q

Which ECG event reflects ventricular depolarisation?

A

QRS complex

46
Q

what occurs in autoregulation?

A
  • Local adjustment within a given tissue
  • Occurs in response to changes in O2 and CO2 levels
  • Involves contraction of smooth muscle in capillaries
47
Q

describe what happens if autoregulation fails to normalise conditions at the tissue level

A

if auttoregulation fails to normalise conditions at the tissue level, extrinsic regulaiton involving neural and endocrine mechanisms are activated. The focus of this type of regulation is to control blood pressure and cardiac output to restore adequate blood flow

48
Q

Neural regulation involves the cardiovascular centre. Where is the cardiovascular centre located?

A

medulla oblongata

49
Q

what are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system on the cardiovascular system?

A

decrease cardiac output
decrease heart rate
decrease blood pressure

50
Q

what are the functions of tthe sympathetic nervous system on the cardiovascular system?

A

increase cardiac output
increase heart rate
increase blood pressure
involves noradrenaline

51
Q

The cardiovascular centre detects changes in tissue demand by monitoring arterial blood. The pressure of arterial blood is monitored by receptors located in the _______________________ .

A

aortic and carotid sinuses.

52
Q

The cardiovascular centre also detects changes in the pH and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood via receptors located in the _______________________ .

A

aortic and carotid bodies

53
Q

Stimulation of the receptors in the aortic and carotid sinuses and bodies leads to a short-term response that counteracts the stimulus and restores normal conditions. This correction takes place via reflexes that are controlled by the cardiovascular centre. Does the control involve positive or negative feedback?

A

negative feedback

54
Q

What is the name of the reflex that involves monitoring stretch in the aortic and carotid sinuses?

A

baroreceptor reflex

55
Q

What is the name of the reflex that involves monitoring the pH and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood in the aortic and carotid bodies?

A

chemoreceptor reflex

56
Q

illustrate the role of the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure is too high.

A

homeostasis disturbed by high blood pressure –> stimulates baroreceptor –> sends info to cardiovascular centre –> sends commands ot effectors –> heart –> decrease cardiac output –> smooth muscle in arteries –> vasodilation –> decreases blood pressure –> homeostasis restored

57
Q

The chemoreceptor reflex corrects changes in the chemical composition (O2, CO2, or pH) of arterial blood or cerebrospinal fluid (fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the central nervous system). This reflex brings about a response by integrating the activities of which two effectors (organ systems)?

A

heart (cardiovascular system) and lungs (respiratory system)

58
Q

What hormones are involved in short-term and long-term regulation of the cardiovascular system?

A

short term - adrenaline (epiephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
long term - antitdiuretic hormone, erythropoietin, angiotensin II, natriuretic peptide

59
Q

Which hormones ultimately lead to an increase in blood pressure?

A
  • adrenaline (epinephrine)
  • noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
  • antiduiretic hormone
  • angiotensin II
60
Q

Which hormone/s increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume?

A

angiotensin II and antidiuretic hormone

Physiology Test 2 (8 decks)

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