Lymphatics and Immune Systems DYK Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Can you describe the order of fluid circulation (including spaces and vessels)?

A

Peripheral tissues —> lymphatic capillaries —> lymphatic vessels —> subclavian veins

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2
Q

Do you know the differences in structure and function between lymphatic and blood vessels?

A
LYMPHATICS
origin - as 'pockets' 
size - larger
wall thickness -  thinner
BLOOD VESSELS
origin - continuous tubes
size - smaller
wall thickness - thicker
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3
Q

Can you name the physical barriers we have?

A

Skin, mucous membranes

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4
Q

Can you name the most common phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

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5
Q

How do phagocytes remove debris and foreign material?

A

□ Non-specific immune cells
□ Serve as ‘police’
□ Remove cellular debris and foreign material
○ Engulf debris - ‘eating’ debris in a PacMan style
Includes pathogens

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6
Q

Which cells carry out immune surveillance?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

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7
Q

When do interferons most commonly get released?

A

Released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, virus-infected cells

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8
Q

What cells and immune components does complement work closely with to improve the effectiveness of the immune response?

A

phagocytes and antibodies

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9
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of tissues undergoing inflammation?

A
Inflammatory mediators
	Blood flow
	Phagocytes
       Capillary permeability
(redness, swelling, heat, pain)
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10
Q

What is the aim of inflammation?

A
  • All parts of inflammation increase immune function
    ○ Prevent infection in wound sites
    Increases effectiveness of other defences (both specific and non-specific)
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11
Q

Name 2 things that increasing the body temperature does to assist with protecting the body?

A

○ Inhibits pathogens - not comfortable for them
○ Raises metabolic rate
○ Faster mobilisation of tissue defences
Accelerated repair process

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12
Q

Can you briefly describe the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

A

Antigen: molecule capable of inducing an immune response (production of an antibody) in the host organism, generates a response
Antibody: immunoglobulin, Y shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system, stops intruders from entering the body

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13
Q

Can you name the process that occurs that links the non-specific (innate) immune response to the specific (adaptive) immune response?

A

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

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14
Q

What are the cells called that carry out antigen presentation process?

A

phagocytes

T and B cells (lymphocytes)

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15
Q

Can you name the types of lymphocytes that provide us with specific (adaptive) immunity?

A

T cells and B cells

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16
Q

Is specific (adaptive) immunity present at birth?

17
Q

Can you name the 4 key characteristics of specific immunity that make it different to non-specific immunity?

A

Specific - Activated by specific antigens
Versatile - Diversity of lymphocytes present, can be ready for any antigen at any time
Memory - Antigens previously encountered are remembered (principle behind vaccination)
Tolerance - All cells in the body have antigens, no immune response against those

18
Q

Can you name the cell that carries out cell mediated immunity?

19
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells remove cells with foreign or abnormal antigens?

A

Seek out and destroy abnormal cells, Release perforin (perforate cell membrane), Secrete lymphotoxin to kill the cell, Activate genes in nucleus which Tells cell it needs to die

20
Q

Why are memory cells important in protecting against future infection?

A

Recognise same antigen if re-exposed

21
Q

What is the key role of T helper cells?

A

Coordinate specific and non-specific defences,
Secrete cytokines
○ Stimulate T cell division (produce memory helper T cells, speed maturation of cytotoxic T cells)
○ Attract macrophages to affected areas - stimulate phagocytic activity
○ Attract cytotoxic T cells - another means of destroying abnormal cells/pathogens
○ Activate B cells - antibody production

22
Q

Why do you think it is important for suppressor T cells to regulate immune responses?

A
  • Supress response of other T cells.
    • Once infection is cleared, process needs to stop
    • Like negative feedback of the immune response
23
Q

What is produced by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) as part of the specific immune response?

A

secrete antibodies (proteins)

24
Q

What key feature do plasma cells (differentiated B cells) have that make it effective?

A

Antibody has receptors specific for the antigen its just been exposed to

25
Can you name the cell that is activated when you are exposed to an antigen a second (third, fourth, etc) time?
Memory B cells mainly IgG IgM
26
Why do you think the secondary response is much faster than the primary response?
There is more IgG now, it already knows how to fight it. Production of IgM is quicker. Both IgG and IgM stay for extended periods of time